Couples

Question	Answer
Who talks about the instrumental and expressive roles?	Parsons
What are the differences between expressive and instrumental roles?	Instrumental - geared towards achieving success at work so that he can provide for the family financially Expressive - geared towards primary socialisation of the children and meeting the family's emotional needs
What does Parsons say that the division of labour is based on?	Biological differences - women are naturally suited to the nurturing role and men to that of the provider
How is Parsons criticised for his view about instrumental and expressive roles?	Willmott and Young - men are now taking a greater share of domestic tasks and more wives are becoming wage earners Feminist sociologists - reject the view that the division of labour is natural and argue it only benefits men
Who talks about joint and segregated conjugal roles?	Bott
What are the differences between joint and segregated conjugal roles?	Joint - the couple share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together Segregated - couple have separate roles: male breadwinner and female caregiver. Leisure activities also tned to be separate
What pattern did Willmott and Young identify in their student of WC extended families in east London in the 1950s?	Segregated conjugal roles. Men were breadwinners and played little part in home time. They also spent their leisure time with workmates in pubs and working men's clubs, while women were full time housewives who were helped by their female relatives.
What do Willmott and Young mean by the "symmetrical family"?	The roles of husbands and wives, although not identical, are now much more similar
Evidence for the symmetrical family	- Women now go out to work although may be part time rather than full time - Men help with housework and childcare - Couples now spend their leisure time otgether instead of separately with workmates or female relatives
Who did Willmott and Young find that the symmetrical family was more common amongst?	Younger couples, those who are geographically and socially isolated, and the more affluent
Which social changes do Willmott and Young see as the reason for the rise of the symmetrical family?	- Changes in the posision of women, including married women going out to work - Geographical mobility: more couples living away from the communities in which they grew up - New technology and labour saving devices - Higher standards of living
Why do feminists reject the march of progress view?	Men and women remain unequal within the family and women still do most of the housework. They see this inequality as stemming from the fact that the family and society are patriarchal.
How does Oakley criticise Young and Willmott's view that the family is symmetrical?	She says their claims are exaggerated. Young and Willmott found that most husbands they interviewed helped thier wives at least once a weak, but this could include taking children for a walk or making breakfast. Oakely doesnt see this as convincing evidence.
What did Oakley find in her own research about the family?	Some evidence of husbands helping in the home but no evidence of symmetry. Only 15% of husbands had a high level of particiaption in housework and only 25% had a high level of participation in childcare
In Oakley's research, how did most couples define the father's role?	"Taking an interest"
What did she find that a good father was seen as, and what was a consequence of this?	One who would play with the children in the evenings and "take them off her hands" on Sunday morning, but this meant that mothers lost the rewards of childcare like playing with children.
What did Boulton find?	Fewer than 20% of husbands had a major role in childcare
How does Boulton claim that Willmott and Young exaggerate men's contribution to childcare?	They look at the tasks involved in childcare rather than the responsibilities - a father might help but it was almost always the mother who was responsible for the child's wellbeing
What did Warde and Hetherington find about sex-typing of domestic tasks?	Wives were 30x more likely to be the last person to ave done the washing, while husbands were 4 times more likely to be the last person to wash the car Men would only carry out routine "female" tasks when their partners weren't there to do them
What slight change did Warde and Hetherington find?	Young men no longer assumed that women should do the housework and were more likely to think they were doing less than their fair share

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