5968694
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Flashcards by Andrew Street, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Andrew Street
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 1502 Define bacteraemia, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. | Bacteraemia = presence of viable bacteria in the BD. Often there's no clinical effect but there may be a systemic response if sustained. Sepsis = evidence of infxn with a systemic response including >1 of: * Temp >38.3 or <36C * RR >20 or Pco2 <4.3 kPa * PR >90 * WBC >12000/mm3 or <4000/mm3 * BM .6.6 in non-diabetic pt. Severe sepsis = sepsis with evidence of organ dysfunction or hypoperfusion: * Systolic BP <90 * ^ lactate * Acutely altered mental state * O2 required to maintain sats >90% * Urine output <0.5ml/kg/h * Platelets <100 * INR >1.5. Septic shock = severe sepsis with hypotension persisting despite fluid resuscitation. MAAG p350. |
| 1504 What causes tetanus and describe the main clinical effect. | Tetanus is caused by anaerobic Gram-+ve bacillus Clostridium tetani found in soil which infects wound. It releases the toxin tetanospasmin which enters the CNS causing muscle spasms (via inhibition of inhibitory neurons) which can become severe. MAAG p359. |
| 1504 What life threatening condition may Staph. and Strep. spp. cause due to release of toxins? | Toxic shock syndrome. Characterized by fever, D & V, desquamation of skin, hypotension, and multi-system involvement. MAAG p351. |
| 1505 Name some of the common causes of food-borne DS inc S & Sx and sources. | Staph. aureus: 1-6h, D & V, P, hypotension, meat. Bacillus cereus: 1-5h, D & V, rice. Salmonella: 12-48h, D & V, P, fever, septicaemia, meat, eggs, poultry. C. perfringens: 8-24h, D, P, afebrile, meat. C. botulinum: 12-36h, V, paralysis, processed food. C. difficile: 1-7d, bloody D, P, gut perforation, toxic megacolon, hospital acquired. Campylobacter: 2-5d, bloody D, P, pyrexia, peritonism, milk, poultry, water. Listeria: meningoencephalitis, miscarriage, cheese, pates. E. coli (type O157): 12-72h, cholera/typhoid-like S & Sx. Noroviruses: 12-48h, pyrexia, D & V (projectile), P, aka 'winter V illness', fecal-oral spread (highly contagious). Rotovirus: 1-7d, D & V, pyrexia, malaise, vaccine available for infants. Shigella: bloody D, P, pyrexia. OHOCM p390. |
| 1505 Outline how food-borne DS can be prevented. | Hygiene; if abroad, avoid unboiled/unbottled water, ice cubes, salads, and peel own fruit. Eat only freshly prepared hot food (or thoroughly rewarmed). Household water treatment and safe storage technologies can ↑ water quality and ↓ rates of diarrhoea, eg chlorine or solar disinfection, and ceramic or biosand filtration. OHOCM p390. |
| 1507 Outline the different classes of ABx's, their MOA, and give eg's. | See note (Overview of Antimicrobials) at https://www.goconqr.com/en/p/5969790 or https://studentconsult.inkling.com/read/rang-dale-pharmacology-ritter-flower-henderson-7th/chapter-50/chapter-50-antibacterial-drugs |
| 1508 List and describe the types of bacterial morphology and staining characteristics seen by light microscopy and give common examples of each group. | See note (Some Clinically Significant Bacteria) at https://www.goconqr.com/en/notes/5969882/edit or https://studentconsult.inkling.com/read/rang-dale-pharmacology-ritter-flower-henderson-7th/chapter-50/chapter-50-antibacterial-drugs |
| 1513 List the different classes of immuno-globulin and outline their structure and function. | See note (Immunoglobulin Overview) https://www.goconqr.com/en/notes/5969957/edit |
| 1516 Give some common eg's of ABx resistant infxns. | MRSA, Neisseria gonorrhoea, E. coli. OHOCM p419. |
| 1516 What are some possible ways to slow/stop ABx resistance? | * Discourage over-the-counter antibiotic availability. * Don't use antibiotics for well patients with probable viral infections. * Educate patients not to get prickly when their gp does not prescribe. * Whenever antibiotics are used, explain that the full course should be taken: “Don't keep a few in reserve to save for our next illness…” * Tailor the antibiotic to the likely bacterium. OHOCM p419. |
| 1518 What does the term cytopathic effect mean and how is it used by microbiologists? | The degenerative changes of cells that are linked with the multiplication of certain viruses are known as the cytopathic effect (CPE). When in tissue culture, an overlayer of agar restricts the spread of virus. This causes the formation of plaque caused by the cytopathic effect. The examination of the characteristics of cytopathic effect produced on different cell sheets can be used to identify viral infection. However, this technique is not an efficient one, and not all viruses will grow on cell sheets. From http://virology-microbiology-b.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/methods-of-study-of-viruses.html |
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