602903
Description
Flashcards by kellybrickell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by kellybrickell
about 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is Higher Mental Process? | It is thinking or thought processes |
| Higher mental processes is what happens between the ___ and the ___. | Stimulus and response |
| According to the physiology of learning, psychology needs to take into account what? | The nervous system--especially the brain. |
| What did Hebb propose about mental processes? | Mental processes that intervene between our stimulus and response can be understood and described as neurological events. |
| what is in the central nervous system? | The brain and spinal cord |
| A neuron is a specialized cell whose function is what? | function is to transmit impulses in the form of electrical and chemical changes |
| The flow of electrical impulses is called what? | Action Potential |
| List 4 important neurotransmitters | -Dopamine (DA) -Serotonin (HCT-5) -Acetylcholine (Ach) -Norepinephrine (NE) |
| List Hebb's 3 assumptions | 1. The Hebb Rule 2. Cell assembly 3. phase sequence |
| what is the Hebb rule? | Repeated transmission of impulses between 2 neurons leads to permanent facilitations of transmission between theses cells--represents learning |
| What is cell assembly? (pg 161 pic) | Neuro cells may be reactivated repeatedly because of their own activity--causing a circular pattern of firing |
| What is phase sequence? (pg 161 pic) | If a number of related cell assemblies are active at the same time, they will become linked |
| Higher mental processes (thinking) involves activity in what? | Neural assemblies |
| cell assemblies play an important role in what? | research and theories |
| What is the term for The capacity of the organism to react to the external stimuli? | reactivity |
| What is the term for what allows the organism to change due to repeated stimulation? | placisity |
| What often disappears in relation to placisity? | unused neuro connections |
| What refers to a lasting increase in the responsiveness of neurons? | Long term potential (LTP) |
| What refers to a lasting decline in the responsiveness of relevant neurons? | Long term depression (LTD) |
| What leads to LTP | Sensitization |
| What leads to LTD? | Habituation |
| Who says all behavior has purpose and that all actions are directed toward some goal by cognition? | Tolman |
| What was Tolman's question? | Do rat's actions have purpose? |
| What were Tolman's four studies/experiments? | 1. The Block Path study 2. Expectation study 3. Place Learning study 4. Latent Learning experiment |
| What did Tolman discover through the Block Path study? | Leanring involves the development of cognitive maps |
| What are cognitive maps? | The internal representations of relationships between goals and behaviors as well as knowledge of the environment where the goals are to be found |
| What did Tolman learn from the Expectation study? | Nonhuman animals behave like they have expectations |
| What did he do in the Place Learning study? | He combined our cognitive maps and related expectancies |
| What did Tolman discover in the Latent Learning experiment? | There is a distinction between learning and performance |
| Animal's ___ are not quite like human's ____ | mental maps |
| List 4 themes that summarize Tolman's Theory | 1. Behavior is purposive 2. Behavior is cognitive 3. Reinforcement established and confirms expectancies 4. Purpose of behavior is molar (large units of behavior is governed by a single purpose) |
| Gestalt Psychology is a forerunner of what? | Contemporary cognitive psychology |
| What are Gestalt psych two main beliefs? | 1. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts 2. people solve their problems through insight rather than through trial and error |
| Who observed problem solving abilities in Apes? | Wolfgang Kohler |
| What did Wolfgang Kohler discover? | Apes used insight not trial and error |
| What does insight mean? | Solving a problem by perceiving relationships among all the important elements of the situation. |
| What does insightful thinking require? | a mental reorganization of problem elements and recognition of the correctness of the new organization. |
| What does "Gestalt" mean? | Whole |
| Who were the founders and popularizers of the Gestalt school? | Wertheimer, Kolher, and Koffka |
| Term for the act of completing a pattern | Closure |
| The term for the tendency to perceive things as continuous | Continuity |
| The term for items belonging together | Similarity |
| The term or perceived items close together as being related | Proximity |
| What does the Laws of Perception state? | Behavior cannot be understood through its parts--that it cannot be reduced to isolated sensations or to distinct stimuli and responses. |
| The whole (Gestalt) is different from what? | Its isolated parts |
| List the laws of perceptual organization | -Pragnanz -Closure -Continuity -Similarity -Proximity |
| The term for a tendency towards symmetry or toward a toning down of the peculiarities of a perceptual pattern | Leveling (drawing an outline of a picture rather than every detail) |
| The term for emphasizing the distinctiveness of a pattern | Sharpening (highlighting the basics of a story) |
| The term for reproduced objects is modified to conform with previous memories | Normalizing |
| What is remembered is not always _____, but it is often better gestalt than ___. | what was learned or perceived; the original. |
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