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Flashcards

Introduction to Abdomen

Lou Clark Anatomy & SF2 Year 1 English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1What separates the abdominal cavity superiorly from the thoracic cavity?The diaphragm
  2. 2The abdominal cavity extends superiorly to what landmark point?4th intercostal space
  3. 3What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?Peritoneum
  4. 4What are the nine regions of the abdominal cavity?Right/left hypochondriac
    Right/left lateral (lumbar)
    Right/left inguinal
    Epigastric
    Umbilical
    Pubic (hypogastric)
  5. 5Name the two horizontal planes that divide the abdominal cavity?1. Subcostal plane
    2. Transtubercular plane
  6. 6What landmarks define the position of the subcostal plane?The plane passes through the inferior borders of the 10th costal cartilage.
  7. 7What landmarks define the position of the transtubercular plane?The plane passes through the iliac tubercles and the body of L5 vertebra
  8. 8What vertical planes divide the abdominal cavity?Midclavicular planes
  9. 9What landmarks define the position of the midclavicular planes?The planes pass from the midpoint of the clavicle to the midinguinal points
  10. 10Where are the midinguinal points located?Midpoint between anterior superior iliac spine and superior edge of the pubic symphysis
  11. 11What are the four basic quadrants of the abdominal cavity?Right/left upper
    Right/left lower
  12. 12What two planes define the four basic quadrants of the abdominal cavity?1. Transumbilical
    2. Median plane
  13. 13What landmarks define the position of the transumbilical plane?The plane passes through the umbilicus and L3/L4 IV disc.
  14. 14What superiorly bounds the anterolateral abdominal wall?Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and xiphoid process
  15. 15What inferiorly bounds the anterolateral abdominal wall?The inguinal ligament and pelvic bones
  16. 16Where is the abdominal skin firmly adherent to the subcutaneous tissue.At the umbilicus
  17. 17What fascia layer lies immediately deep to the skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall?Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
  18. 18What are the two layers of subcutaneous tissue found inferior to the umbilicus in the anterolateral abdominal wall?1. Superficial fatty layer = Camper fascia
    2. Deep membranous layer = Scarpa fascia
  19. 19What is another name for the investing/deep facia of the anterolateral abdominal wall?Epimysium
  20. 20What structures do the investing fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall cover?The external surfaces of the three muscle layers of the anterolateral abdominal walls (+ aponeuroses)
  21. 21What membranous sheet lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall?Endo-abdominal fascia
  22. 22What name is given to the endo-abdominal fascia that lines the transversus abdominis muscle?Transversalis fascia
  23. 23What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?Parietal peritoneum
  24. 24What separates the transversals fascia from the parietal peritoneum?Extra-peritoneal fat
  25. 25What are the three flat muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?1. External oblique
    2. Internal oblique
    3. Transversus abdominis
  26. 26What direction do the fibres of the external obliques pass?Inferomedially
  27. 27What is the origin of the external obliques?External surfaces of 5th - 12th ribs
  28. 28What muscle thickens to form the fibrous band known as the inguinal ligament?External obliques
  29. 29What is the insertion of the external oblique?Linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest (inguinal ligament)
  30. 30What is the innervation of the external obliques?Thoraco-abdominal nerves = anterior rami of T7-T11.
    Subcostal nerve
  31. 31Describe the direction of the fibres of the internal obliques in relation to the external obliques.The superior fibres are perpendicular to the external obliques (superomedially).
    The inferior fibres are parallel to the external obliques (inferomedially)
  32. 32What is the origin of the internal obliques?Thoracolumbar fascia
    Anterior 2/3 of iliac crest
    Connective tissue deep to inguinal ligament
  33. 33Where do the internal obliques insert?Inferior borders of 10-12th ribs
    Linea alba
    Pubis via conjoint tendon
  34. 34What is the innervation of the internal obliques and transversus abdominis?Thoracic-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)
    Subcostal and first lumbar nerve
  35. 35What is the actions of the internal obliques?Compress & support abdominal viscera
    Flex and rotate trunk
  36. 36What is the origin of the transversus abdominis?Internal surfaces of 7th -12th
    Thoracolumbar fascia
    Iliac crest
    Connective tissue deep to inguinal ligament
  37. 37Where does the transversus abdominis insert?Linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique
    Pubic crest
    Pubis via conjoint tendon
  38. 38What is the action of the transversus abdominis?Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
  39. 39What is the name given to the aponeurosis that encloses the rectus abdominis?Rectus sheath
  40. 40Where is the origin of the rectus abdominis?Pubic symphysis and pubis crest
  41. 41Where is the insertion of rectus abdominis?Xiphoid process and 5-7th costal cartilages
  42. 42What is the innervation of rectus abdominis?Thoracic-abdominal and sub-costal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T12)
  43. 43What is the action of rectus abdominis?Flexes trunk and compresses abdominal viscera.
    Stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis
  44. 44What divides up sections of the rectus abdominis?Tendinous intersections?
  45. 45Where are the tendinous intersections roughly located?Level of the xiphoid process, at the umbilicus and a point midway between
  46. 46Where is pyramidalis located?Within the rectus sheath anterior to the inferior part of rectus abdominis. It arises from the pubic crest and inserts along the linea alba.
  47. 47Where is the arcuate line located?Approx 1/3 of distance from the umbilicus to the pubic crest
  48. 48Describe the structure of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line.Envelops rectus abdominis anteriorly by aponeurosis of external and anterior lamina of internal obliques; posteriorly by the aponeurosis of posterior lamina of internal obliques and transversus abdominis.
  49. 49Describe the structure of the rectus sheath inferior to arcuate line.Enveloped anteriorly by external, internal obliques and transversus abdominis; posteriorly by transversalis fascia
  50. 50What is the content of the rectus sheath?Rectus abdominis
    Pyramidalis
    Superior + inferior epigastric arteries/veins
    Lymphatic vessels
    Thoraco-abdominal nerves
    Subcostal nerves
  51. 51List the five types of umbilical peritoneal folds found on the internal surface of the anterolateral abdominal wall.1. Median umbilical fold
    2. Medial umbilical folds (x2)
    3. Lateral umbilical folds (x2)
  52. 52Where does the median umbilical fold extend from and to?Apex of urinary bladder to the umbilicus?
  53. 53What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?Urachus (joined apex of foetal bladder to umbilicus)
  54. 54What do the medial umbilical folds cover?Medial umbilical ligaments (formed from occluded parts of the umbilical arteries)
  55. 55What do the lateral umbilical folds cover?Inferior epigastric vessels
  56. 56What is the space between the median and medial umbilical folds?Supravesical fossa
  57. 57What would cause the supravesical fossa to rise and fall?Filling and emptying of the bladder
  58. 58What is the space between the medial and the lateral umbilical folds?Medial inguinal fossa (Inguinal triangles/ Hesselbach triangles).
  59. 59What are the medial inguinal fossae potential sites for?Direct inguinal hernias
  60. 60What space is found lateral to the lateral umbilical folds?Lateral inguinal fossa
  61. 61What are the lateral inguinal fossae potential sites for?Indirect inguinal hernias
  62. 62At that level is the iliac crest found?L4 vertebra
  63. 63Where do the semilunar lines extend from and to?Inferior costal margin (9th costal cartilage) to pubic tubercles
  64. 64What surface structure indicates the sight of the inguinal ligament?Inguinal groove
  65. 65From what does the superior epigastric artery arise?Continuation of the internal thoracic artery.
  66. 66From what does the inferior epigastric artery arise?From the external iliac artery (deep to inguinal ligament)
  67. 67Where does the inferior epigastric artery enter the rectus sheath?Inferior to the arcuate line.
  68. 68Where do the majority of fibres of the inguinal ligament insert?Pubic tubercle
  69. 69What structure do fibres of the inguinal ligament form to insert on the superior ramus of the pubis (lateral to pubic tubercle)?Lacunar ligament
  70. 70What forms the pectineal ligament?Continuations of the lacunar ligament (from inguinal ligament) running along the pectin pubis.
  71. 71What is the name given to the superior arching of the inguinal ligament to form the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?Reflected inguinal ligament
  72. 72What structure reinforces the posterior wall and floor of the inguinal canal?Iliopubic tract
  73. 73Where is the inguinal canal located in relation to the inguinal ligament?Superior and parallel to its medial half.
  74. 74Approximately how long is the inguinal canal in adults?4cm
  75. 75What is the main structure found within the inguinal canal?Males: spermatic cord
    Females: remnants of the round ligament of the uterus
  76. 76What are the two openings of the inguinal canal?1. Deep inguinal ring
    2. Superficial inguinal ring
  77. 77What forms the deep inguinal ring?Evagination of the transversalis fascia
  78. 78What structure is the superficial inguinal ring an opening within?External oblique aponeurosis
  79. 79What are the names given to the lateral and medial margins of the superficial inguinal ring? What forms the superolateral margin?Medial and lateral crura.
    Intercrural fibres
  80. 80What is the effect of simultaneous contraction of the external obliques on the inguinal canal?Increases tension of the crura pulling the anterior wall in and resisting dilation of the superficial ring.
  81. 81What is the effect of contraction of the internal obliques and transversus abdominis on the inguinal canal?Causes the canal to descend, constricting it.
  82. 82What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?External oblique aponeurosis.
    The lateral portion is reinforced by some internal oblique fibres.
  83. 83What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?Transversals fascia.
    Medial portion is reinforced by attachments of the internal obliques and transversus abdominis aponeuroses to form the inguinal falx (conjoint tendon)
  84. 84What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?Laterally: Transversalis fascia
    Centrally: Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
    Medially: Medial crus and intercrural fibres
  85. 85What are the three layers of fascial coverings that form the spermatic cord?1. Internal spermatic fascia
    2. Cremasteric fascia (+ cremaster muscle)
    3. External spermatic fascia
  86. 86What is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?Transversals fascia (from deep inguinal ring)
  87. 87What is the cremasteric fascia and cremaster muscle derived from?Both the superficial and deep surfaces of the internal oblique muscle
  88. 88What is the external spermatic fascia derived from?External oblique aponeurosis + its investing fascia
  89. 89What does contraction of the cremaster muscle cause? When might this occur?Draws testis up within the scrotum.
    In a cold environment.
  90. 90What is the action of the dartos muscle?Assists the cremaster muscle in producing testicular elevation by contraction of the skin of the scrotum.
  91. 91What is the innervation of the cremaster?Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2)
  92. 92What innervates the dartos muscle?Autonomic innervation
  93. 93What arteries are found within the spermatic cord?1. Testicular artery (from aorta)
    2. Artery of ductus deferens (from inferior vesicle artery)
    3. Cremasteric artery (from inferior epigastric artery)
  94. 94What venous network is found within the spermatic cord?Pampiniform venous plexus (approx 12 veins) that converge to form the right/left testicular vein
  95. 95What nervous structures are found within the spermatic cord?1. Sympathetic nerve fibres along arteries of the ductus deferens.
    2. Genital branch of genitofemorall nerve
  96. 96Apart from vascular and nervous structures what else might be found within the spermatic cord?1. Ductus deferens
    2. Lymphatic vessels
    3. Vestige of the processus vaginalis
  97. 97What is the name given to the sac that surrounds the testes?Tunica vaginalis
  98. 98What is the name of the tough, outer surface of the testes?Tunica albuginea
  99. 99What serous membrane covers the surface of the testes, epididymis and inferior part of the ductus deferens?Visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
  100. 100What do the left and right testicular veins drain into?Left: Left renal vein
    Right: Inferior Vena Cava
  101. 101Into what sets of lymph nodes does lymph from the testis drain into?1. Right/left lumbar nodes
    2. Pre-aortic nodes
  102. 102From what structure of the autonomic nerves of the testis arise?Testicular plexus of nerves (found along testicular artery) T10/11
  103. 103What transports newly formed sperm into epididymis?Efferent ductules from the rete testis.
  104. 104Describe the three parts of the epididymis.Head: superior part formed of lobules of coiled ends of 12-14 efferent ductules
    Body: convoluted duct of epididymis
    Tail: continuous with ductus deferens
  105. 105What are the layers composing the scrotum?1. Skin
    2. Dartos fascia
    3. Fat-free fascial layer containing dartos muscle
  106. 106What lymph nodes does lymph from the scrotum drain into?Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
  107. 107What is the arterial supply to the scrotum?1. Posterior scrotal branches of the perineal artery
    2. Anterior scrotal branches of the deep external pudendal artery
    3. Cremasteric artery (branch of inferior epigastric artery)
  108. 108What is the nervous supply to the scrotum?Anterolateral: Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve L1,L2
    Anteriolyr: Anterior scrotal nerves, branches of the ilio-inguinal nerve L1
    Posteriorly: posterior scrotal nerves, branches of the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve S2-S4
    Inferiorly: Perineal branches of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh S2, S3
  109. 109What are the two layers of peritoneum?1. Parietal
    2. Visceral
  110. 110Define intraperitoneal organs?Almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum and have invaginated into the closed sac
  111. 111Describe extraperitoneal, retroperitoneal and sub peritoneal organs in relation to the peritoneal cavity.External or posterior to the parietal peritoneum and are usually covered with peritoneum on one surface only. e.g. kidneys
  112. 112What is the function of peritoneal fluid?Enables viscera to pass over each other without friction allowing the movements of digestion. Contains leukocytes and antibodies to fight off infection.
  113. 113How does the peritoneal cavity differ in males than females?It is completely closed in males.
    There is a connection to the exterior in females via the uterine tubes, cavity and vagina.
  114. 114What would determine the vasculature and nervous supply to the parietal peritoneum?It would be the same as the region of the abdominopelvic wall it lines.
  115. 115Describe the sensitivity of the parietal peritoneum.Sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and is well localised
  116. 116What would determine the vasculature and nervous supply to the visceral peritoneum?It would be the same as that of the organ it covers.
  117. 117Describe the sensitivity of the visceral peritoneum.Insensitive to touch, heat, cold and laceration.
    Stimulated by stretching and chemical irritation.
    Poorly localised pain that is referred to the dermatomes
  118. 118In what region is pain from the foregut generally experienced?Epigastric
  119. 119In what region is pain from the midgut generally experienced?Umbilical
  120. 120In what region is pain from the hindgut generally experienced?Pubic
  121. 121What makes up abdominal mesentery?Connective tissue.
    Blood vessels
    Lymphatic vessels
    Nerves
    Fat
    Lymph nodes
  122. 122What is the general name given to mesentery that connects an organ with another organ or to the abdominal wall?Peritoneal ligament
  123. 123What peritoneal ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?Falciform ligament
  124. 124What is the name given to the peritoneal mesentery that passes inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum?Greater omentum
  125. 125What are the three parts of the greater omentum?1. Gastrophrenic ligament
    2. Gastrosplenic ligament
    3. Gastrocolic ligament
  126. 126Where is the gastrophrenic ligament located?Between the greater curvature of the stomach and the diaphragm
  127. 127Where is the gastrosplenic ligament located?Between the greater curvature of the stomach and the spleen
  128. 128Where is the gastrocolic ligament located?Inferior portion of the greater curvature of the stomach and descends inferiorly and ascending again posteriorly. Fuses with the visceral peritoneum of the transverse colon and mesentery. (The ascending & descending portions usually fuse to form four-layered fatty omental apron)
  129. 129What is the name given to the mesentery hat connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal parts of the duodenum to the liver?Lesser omentum
  130. 130What are the two parts of the lesser omentum?1. Hepatogastric ligament
    2. Hepatoduodenal ligament
  131. 131What important structure does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?Portal triad
  132. 132What structures make up the portal triad?Portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct
  133. 133What are "bare areas"?Areas on every abdominal organ that is not covered by visceral perineum to allow entry and exit of neuromuscular structures.
  134. 134What divides the greater sac?Transverse mesocolon and gastrocolic ligament of the greater omentum
  135. 135What are the two compartments of the greater sac?1. Supracolic
    2. Infracolic
  136. 136What does the supra colic compartment contain?Stomach, liver and spleen
  137. 137What does the infracolic compartment contain?Small intestine, ascending and descending colon
  138. 138What divides the infracolic compartment into left and right?Mesentery of the small intestine
  139. 139What allows communication between the supracolic and infracolic compartments?Paracolic gutters
  140. 140Which side of the abdomen is communication via the paracolic gutters less obstructed?Right
  141. 141What are the two major sections of the peritoneal cavity?1. Greater sac
    2. Omental bursa (lesser sac)
  142. 142Where is the omental bursa located?Posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum
  143. 143What are the two sections of the omental bursa?1. Superior recess
    2. Inferior recess
  144. 144What limits the omental bursa superiorly?Diaphragm and coronary ligament of the liver
  145. 145Where is the inferior recess of the omental bursa located?Between layers of the greater omentum
  146. 146What allows communication between the omental bursa and the greater sac?Omental foramen (epiploic foramen)
  147. 147What forms the anterior boundary of the omental foramen?Hepatoduodenal ligament (free edge of lesser omentum)
  148. 148What forms the posterior boundary of the omental foramen?IVC and right crus of the diaphragm (+ parietal peritoneum)
  149. 149What forms the superior boundary of the omental foramen?Liver (+ visceral peritoneum)
  150. 150What forms the inferior boundary of the omental foramen?Superior part of the duodenum
  151. 151What structures form the gastrointestinal tract?Oesophagus, stomach, intestines
  152. 152What is the name given for the opening of the stomach into the duodenum?Pylorus
  153. 153What is the function of peristalsis within the stomach?Mixing of masticated food with gastric juices and emptying of stomach contents into the duodenum
  154. 154What are the three sections of the small intestine?1. Duodenum
    2. Jejunum
    3. Ileum
  155. 155What is the name given to the part of the large intestine that receives the ileum?Caecum
  156. 156What are the sections of the large intestines?1. Caecum
    2. Appendix
    3. Ascending colon
    4. Transverse colon
    5. Descending colon
    6. Sigmoid colon
    7. Rectum
    8. Anal canal
  157. 157Where does the majority of water reabsorption take place within the GI tract?Ascending colon
  158. 158Where are faeces formed within the GI tract?Descending and sigmoid colon
  159. 159What are the three major branches of the abdominal aorta that supply structures within the abdomen?1. Coeliac trunk
    2. Superior mesenteric artery
    3. Inferior mesenteric artery
  160. 160What forms the hepatic portal vein?Superior mesenteric veins
    Splenic veins
  161. 161Approximately how long and wide is the oesophagus?Length: 25 cm (10 in)
    Width: 2 cm
  162. 162At what level is the oesophageal hiatus found?T10
  163. 163What is the name given to the point of termination of the oesophagus as the stomach begins?Oesophagogastric junction: Z-line
  164. 164Describe the muscular structure of the oesophagus.Has circular and external longitudinal muscle layers.
    Superior third: voluntary striated longitudinal mm.
    Inferior third: smooth longitudinal mm.
    Middle third: both types longitudinal mm.
  165. 165What forms the inferior oesophageal sphincter?Diaphragmatic musculature of the oesophageal hiatus.
  166. 166What arteries supply the abdominal part of the oesophagus?1. Oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery (branch of coeliac trunk)
    2. Left inferior phrenic artery
  167. 167Through which veins does venous drainage of the abdominal part of the oesophagus primarily occur?Via left gastric vein into the portal venous system
  168. 168Into what lymph structures does lymphatic drainage of the abdominal part of the oesophagus generally occur?Left gastric lymph nodes into coeliac lymph nodes
  169. 169What nerves innervate the abdominal part of the oesophagus?1. Vagal trunks (becoming anterior + posterior gastric nerves)
    2. Thoracic sympathetic trunks via the greater splanchnic nerves
    3. Periarterial plexuses around the left gastric artery and left inferior phrenic artery
  170. 170What is the name given to the semi-liquid mixture that is produced in the stomach?Chyme
  171. 171What is the name given to the internal part of the stomach that demarcates its opening (from the oesophagus)?Cardial orifice
  172. 172What are the four parts of the stomach?1. Cardia
    2. Fungus
    3. Body
    4. Pyloric part
  173. 173What is the dip between the oesophagus and the fundus of the stomach known as?Cardial notch
  174. 174What level might the highest point of the fundus of the stomach reach?Left 5th intercostal space
  175. 175What point demarcates the base of the fundus of the stomach?Horizontal plane of the cardial orifice
  176. 176What is the name given to the initial wide section of the pyloric part of the stomach?Pyloric antrum
  177. 177What is the name given to the secondary narrower section of the pyloric part of the stomach?Pyloric canal
  178. 178What must stomach contents pass in order to enter the duodenum?Pyloric orifice
  179. 179What point marks the junction between the body and pyloric parts of the stomach?Angular incisure (notch)
  180. 180What is found more superiorly? The greater curvature or the lesser curvature of the stomach?Lesser curvature
  181. 181What does the gastric mucosa of the stomach form when contracted?Gastric folds (rugae)
  182. 182What forms proximal to the lesser curvature of the stomach with the gastric mucosa during swallowing?Gastric canal (furrow)
  183. 183What is the function of the gastric canal?Provides pathway for saliva and small quantities of masticated food + liquids to pass to the pyloric canal when the stomach is mostly empty
  184. 184What are the three major branches of the coeliac trunk?1. Common hepatic artery
    2. Left gastric artery
    3. Splenic artery
  185. 185What supplies the majority of arterial blood along the lesser curvature of the stomach?Anastomosis of right and left gastric arteries
  186. 186What supplies the majority of arterial blood along the greater curvature of the stomach?Anastomosis of right and left gastro-omental arteries
  187. 187What supplies the majority of arterial blood for the fundus and upper body of the stomach?Posterior and short gastric arteries (branches of the splenic artery)
  188. 188What are some of the larger branches of the common hepatic artery?1. Gastroduodenal artery
    2. Supraduodenal artery
    3. Hepatic artery proper
  189. 189What are some branches of the splenic artery?1. Posterior gastric artery
    2. Short gastric arteries
    3. Left gastro-omental artery
    4. Splenic branches
  190. 190What are the two large branches of the gastroduodenal artery?1. Right gastro-omental artery
    2. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  191. 191What vein runs along the anterior side of the lesser curvature of the stomach? What does it drain into?Right gastric vein:
    drains into portal vein
  192. 192What vein does the left gastric vein drain into?Splenic vein
  193. 193What vein does the left gastro-omental vein drain into?Splenic vein
  194. 194What veins does the right gastro-omental vein drain into?Pancreaticoduodenal veins
  195. 195What short vein runs across the anterior side of the pyloric part of the stomach?Prepyloric vein
  196. 196What is the name of the lymph nodes found on the superior part of the lesser curvature of the stomach?Gastric lymph nodes
  197. 197What is the name given to the lymph nodes found along the splenic artery?Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
  198. 198What is the name given to the lymph nodes found along the greater curvature of the stomach?Gastro-omental lymph nodes
  199. 199What is the name given to the lymph nodes found around the pyloric part of the stomach?Superior and inferior pyloric lymph nodes
  200. 200What is the name given to the lymph nodes found around the initial section of the duodenum?Pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes

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Year 1 Anatomy & SF2 Flashcards on Introduction to Abdomen, created by Lou Clark on 02/09/2016.
Created by
Lou Clark · Sep 2016
Updated
Mar 8, 2018
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