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Flashcards

Equine Forelimb Stations (Practical)

Florence Edwards Animal Health Science 2 BVSc English 82 cards

Cards in this deck (82)

  1. 1Why is metacarpal II more prone to fracture than metacarpal IV?Metacarpal II is medial so subject to more stress when turning
    Metacarpal II bears weight of a single carpal bone, whereas the 4th carpal bone is shared between metacarpal III and IV
  2. 2What landmark of the scapula is present in dogs but not horses and why?Horses have no acromion
    This is because there is only 1 head of the deltoideus muscle - no acromial head
  3. 3What limits the ability for the antebrachium to pronate and supinate in horses?Fusion of radius and ulna so cannot move independently
  4. 4What is the most common approach for sampling the shoulder joint in horses?Craniolateral
  5. 5What is the most common approach for sampling the elbow joint in horses?Caudal or lateral approach
  6. 6What is the technical term for the hock joint?Tarsus
  7. 7What is the stifle joint?Articulation between humerus and antebrachium
  8. 8Which nerve is most important for weight bearing in a horse?Radial nerve
    Innervates extensor muscles of tarsus, digits and stifle
  9. 9Which aspect of the shoulder joint does the radial nerve run along?Medial
  10. 10Which aspect of the elbow joint does the radial nerve run along?Craniomedial to craniolateral
  11. 11Which muscle of the pectoral girdle shows the most significant difference in structure between dogs and horses?Serratus ventralis muscle in horses intershot with more fibrous tissue than in dogs
    Supports body weight while reducing muscular effort
  12. 12Which species have the adaptation of increased fibrous tissue in the serratus ventralis muscle?Large quadrupeds e.g. horses and cattle
  13. 13Which muscle of the forelimb is present in horses but not in dogs?Subclavius
  14. 14Which 3 muscles does the subclavius lie deep to?Trapezius
    Omotransversarius
    Brachiocephalicus
  15. 15What is the location of the subclavius muscle?Passes dorsally along leading edge of scapula and attaches to supraspinatus - caudal part inserts on lesser tubercle
  16. 16What is the function of the subclavius muscle?Acts as 'sling' for trunk between forelimbs - functionally similar to pectorals
  17. 17What type of joint is the shoulder joint?Spheroidal joint which should theoretically allow biplanar movement
    However, functionally only flexion and extension with very limited ability to abduct or adduct the limb
  18. 18Which muscle contributes to both shoulder and elbow movement?Triceps brachii (long head)
  19. 19Is the elbow joint a common cause of lameness in horses, as it is in dogs?No
  20. 20Which 2 features of the biceps brachii in horses separate it from the canine version?Internal tendon
    Detaches branch called lacertus fibrosus which blends with the epimysium of the extensor carpi radialis
  21. 21What is the function of the lacertus fibrosus?Limits carpal flexion when weight bearing and when the biceps is flexed
  22. 22Why are the supinator and pronator teres muscles not present in the horse?Cannot supinate or pronate due to fused radius and ulna
    Hence muscles are vestigial - exist partially as fibrous bands or ligamentous structures
  23. 23Which nerve innervates the extensors of the elbow?Radial nerve
  24. 24Which nerve innervates the flexors of the elbow?Musculocutaneous nerve
  25. 25If the nerve supplying the biceps brachii was non-functional, would the horse still be able to prevent its shoulder from collapsing?Yes, due to the support of the internal tendon of the biceps brachii
  26. 26What is the function of the internal tendon of the biceps brachii?Limits shoulder flexion when weight bearing
  27. 27Which 2 muscles insert on the accessory carpal bone?Ulnaris lateralis (carpal flexor)
    Flexor carpi ulnaris
  28. 28Which structures guide the path of tendons?Retinaculi
  29. 29What is the function of tendon bursae/sheaths?Reduce friction over joints and bony prominences
  30. 30What is the difference between the extensor tendons in the horse and the dog?Lateral digital extensor combines with common digital extensor to insert on P3 in the dog
    In the horse it inserts on the proximal aspect of P1
  31. 31What is the function of the extensor branches of the interosseous (suspensory) ligament?Functionally links tension created on suspensory ligament when weight bearing to common digital extensor tendon
    Resists tendency for pedal bone to rotate distally with tension on the deep digital flexor tendon
  32. 32What is the most caudomedial tendon of the equine forelimb?Ulnar head of deep digital flexor tendon
  33. 33What is different about the glenoid cavity in the horse?Smooth and flat
  34. 34What is different about the supraglenoid tubercle in the horse?Larger with a coracoid process (origin of coracobrachialis muscle)
  35. 35Which muscle originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?Biceps brachii
  36. 36Is the lesser tubercle of the humerus lateral or medial?Medial
  37. 37Which structure fuses with the epimysium of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?Lacertus fibrosus branch of biceps brachii
  38. 38What is unusual about the humerus in the horse?No supratrochlear foramen
  39. 39How does the location of the ulna change in the equine antebrachium?Proximal: ulna is medial
    Distal: ulna is lateral
  40. 40Why can distinct ligaments not be seen medially and laterally in the shoulder joint?Lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments are less distinct thickenings in the horse
    Stability relies more on the surrounding musculature
  41. 41Name the 3 synovial structures in the shoulder regionScapulohumeral (shoulder) joint
    Biceps bursa
    Infraspinatus bursa
  42. 42What is the largest synovial structure in the shoulder region?Scapulohumeral (shoulder) joint capsule
  43. 43Which synovial structure is present in the dog but continuous with the shoulder joint?Biceps bursa present in dog but continuous with the synovial cavity of the shoulder joint
  44. 44Which 2 structures stabilise the elbow joint in the horse?Stout collateral ligaments
    Powerful flexor and extensor muscles
  45. 45What part of the ulna does the triceps brachii insert on?Olecranon
  46. 46How many compartments are there in the elbow synovial pouch?Only one
    Extends cranial and caudal to condyle (articulation with humerus) allowing joint sampling from a caudal approach
  47. 47Give 3 reasons why medial coronoid process disease is not seen in horses?Coronoid process is less significant for weight bearing
    Radius and ulna do not move independently
    Ulna fuses to and grows with radius very early in development
  48. 48What is the location of the axial palmar ligaments?Either side of oblique sesamoidean ligaments
  49. 49Which level of the carpal joint provides the greatest range of motion?Antebrachiocarpal
  50. 50What is the difference in arrangement of the proximal carpal bones compared to the dog?Additional bone called intermediate carpal bone between radial and ulnar carpal bone
    Fused with radial bone in the dog
  51. 51Give the order of carpal bones in the horse from medial to lateralRadial (medial)
    Intermediate
    Ulnar
    Accessory (lateral)
  52. 52Does the distal intercarpal joint communicate with the carpometacarpal joint?Yes
  53. 53What is the primary structure resisting hyper-extension of the carpal joint?Palmar carpal fibrocartilage
  54. 54Which 3 structures border the carpal tunnel?Palmar carpal fibrocartilage
    Accessory carpal bone
    Flexor retinaculum
  55. 55Give 3 structures that run through the carpal flexor retinaculumSuperficial and deep digital flexor tendon
    Flexor carpi radialis
    Palmar veins, arteries and nerves
  56. 56Which nerves pass through the carpal tunnel?Median and ulnar nerves enter the tunnel
    Branch into medial and lateral branches
  57. 57What are nerves named once they exit the tunnel distally?Medial and lateral palmar nerves
  58. 58What branch comes from the lateral palmar nerve?Gives a branch that becomes medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
  59. 59What is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal joint?Fetlock joint
  60. 60What is the range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint?Up to 220 degrees
  61. 61What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?Hinge joint
    Allows flexion and extension only
  62. 62Which structures limit medial and lateral bending of the fetlock joint?Collateral ligaments
  63. 63Name 6 structures which contribute to the palmar support of the fetlock jointInterosseous ligament and its extensor branches
    Straight sesamoidean ligament
    Oblique sesamoidean ligaments
    Collateral sesamoid ligament
    Proximal sesamoid bones
    DDF and SDF and their check ligaments
  64. 64Give 2 functions of the proximal sesamoid bonesImportant aspect of support for the palmar fetlock
    Provide surface for flexor tendons to glide over
  65. 65When placing a needle into the metacarpohalangeal joint, the joint is entered between the lateral collateral ligament and the lateral proximal sesamoid. Which ligament must be pierced by the needle to reach the joint?Collateral sesamoid ligament
  66. 66Which neurovascular structures must be considered when placing the needle into the metacarpophalangeal joint?Palmar digital vein/artery/nerve bundle
  67. 67What are orthogonal radiographs?Standard requirements to accurately identify structures using radiography
  68. 68What are oblique view radiographs used for?Provide a different tangential view of certain parts of the joint surface prone to subtle lesions
  69. 69Which 2 structures are outlined with a D45 degree LPM oblique of the fetlock?Lateral sesamoid bone
    Dorsomedial aspect of fetlock joint
  70. 70Which 2 structures are outlined by a P45 degree PDiD oblique of the distal interphalangeal joint?Navicular bone
    Full outline of P3
  71. 71Which 2 structures are outlined with a D45 degree LPM oblique of the carpus?Accessory carpal bone palmarolaterally
    Radial carpal bone dorsomedially
  72. 72Where does the extensor carpi radialis tendon insert?Proximal metacarpal III (dorsal aspect)
  73. 73Where does the flexor carpi ulnaris insert?Accessory carpal bone
  74. 74Where does the interosseous muscle originate?Proximal metacarpal III
  75. 75The radiocarpal joint and the proximal intercarpal joint rarely communicate joint fluid. How can it be tested whether these joint communicate in a horse?Contrast radiographs
  76. 76Give 3 possible injuries that can occur to the fetlock jointHigh repetitive loads can lead to stress fractures at the articular surfaces
    Sesamoid fractures
    Rupture of sesamoidean ligaments
  77. 77A horse has suffered a deep laceration to the palmar fetlock, exposing the flexor tendons. Using radiopaque contteast, how is is possible to test for penetration into the fetlock joint?Inject contrast into dorsal aspect of joint
    Radiograph to identify leakage into wound site
  78. 78If contrast is present between the sesamoid bones and metacarpal III, does this indicate leakage from the fetlock joint>No
    Fetlock joint has palmar recess that extends between proximal sesamoids and distal palmar metacarpal III
  79. 79Which 2 ligaments attach to P2?Superficial digital flexor tendon
    Straight sesamoidean ligament
  80. 80What is the effect of the palmar ligaments of the fetlock joint on the pastern?Further resist hyper-extension
  81. 81What additional radiographic aid is used to assess P3s position in the foot on a lateral radiograph?Radiopaque markers such as pins, wire or barium paste
    Increase radio-opacity of hoof wall
    Can assess whether hoof wall is parallel to P3 (ideal angle)
    Can check if foot is flat on the floor
  82. 82Does the navicular bursa communicate with the distal interphalangeal joint?No

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BVSc Animal Health Science 2 (Equine Forelimb) Flashcards on Equine Forelimb Stations (Practical), created by Florence Edwards on 17/10/2016.
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