Language and Power

Question	Answer
Political Power	Power held by those with the backing of the law
Personal Power	Power held by individuals as a result of their roles in organisations
Social Power Group	Power held as a result of being a member of a dominant social group.
Instrumental Power	Power used to maintain and enforce authority.
Influential Power	Power used to influence or persuade others.
Power in Discourse	The ways in which power is manifested in situations through language.
Power behind discoure	The focus on the social and ideological reasons behind the enactment of power.
Ideology	A set of belief systems, attitudes or a world view held by an individual or groups.
Epistemic Modality	Constructions that express degrees of possibility, probability or certainty.
Deontic modality	Constructions that express degrees of necessity and obligation.
Synthetic Personalisation	The way in which advertising and other forms of communication use personalized language such as the second person pronoun 'you' to construct a relationship between text producer and receiver.
Member's resources	The vast amount of background knowledge and information that readers use in order to interpret texts and which may be explicitly drawn upon by text producers.
Power asymmetry	A marked different in the power status of individuals involved in discourse.
Unequal encounter	An alternative term for asymmetrical, highlighting the power one speaker has over another.
Powerful participant	A speaker with a higher status in a given context, who is therefore able to impose a degree of power.
Less powerful participant	Those with less status in a given context, who are subject to constraints imposed by more powerful participants.
Constraints	Ways in which powerful participants may block of control the contributions of less powerful participants, for example through controlling content or interrupting.
Formulation	The rewording of another's contributions by a powerful participant to impose a certain meaning or understanding.
Face	A person's self-esteem or emotional needs
Positive Face	The need to feel wanted, liked and appreciated.
Negative Face	The need to have freedom of though and action and not feel imposed on.
Face threatening act	A communicative act that threatens someone's positive- or negative- face needs.
Positive and Negative politeness stratagies	Redressive strategies that a speaker might use to mitigate or avoid face threatening acts.
Small Talk	Talk that is primarily international in orientation and is geared towards establishing relationships
Repressive discourse strategy	A more indirect way of exercising power and control through conversational constraints.
Oppressive Discourse Strategy	Linguistic behavior that is open in its exercising of power and control.

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	Created by brogan_mace about 10 years ago