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Description
Flashcards by Eve Mashamba, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Eve Mashamba
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Molecule | A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. |
| Cell | The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically microscopic and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. |
| Tissue | A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. |
| Organ | Organ, in biology, a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function. |
| System | A set of parts that work together to achieve the same function. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. |
| Organism | In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development. |
| Population | A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time |
| Community | An interacting group of various species in a common location. |
| Ecosystem | A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit. |
| Biosphere | The part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere that supports life. |
| Monocot. | Monocotyledons are plants that have only one cotyledon. They also have other characteristics, such as flower parts in multiples of threes. They also have adventitious roots. These are roots that can grow from almost any part of the plant that comes into contact with the soil, such as the stem. |
| Cotyledons | Cotyledons are a significant part of the embryo found in a seed. They are the first parts of a seedling to emerge from the soil when it germinates. |
| Dicot. | Dicots are one of the two major types of flowering plants (the other being monocots), and are characterised by having two seed leaves, or cotyledons. Sunflowers, peas, roses, and even oak trees are all dicots. |
| Eukaryotes | An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins (histones) into chromosomes. The cells of eukaryotes also contain an endoplasmic reticulum and numerous specialised organelles not present in prokaryotes. |
| Prokaryotes | A microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialised organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. |
| Unicellular | Consisting of a single cell. |
| Multicellular | Consisting of many cells. |
| Solution | A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture that is made up of two or more substances. A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture with a uniform composition. This means that the substances cannot be distinguished easily from one another. |
| Solute | This is the substance that makes up the minority of the solution, or this is the part that is dissolved. |
| Solvent | This is the substance that makes up the majority of the solution. This is the part where the solute is dissolved. |
| Dilute Solution | A dilute solution has a low concentration of the solute compared to the solvent. It has a small amount of solute dissolved. |
| Concentrated Solution | A solution contains a relatively large amount of solute. |
| Concentration Gradient | The process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane. |
| Passive Transport | The cellular process of moving molecules and other substances across membranes. |
| Active Transport | The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. |
| Enzymes | To break a protein down into its amino acids you will need enzymes. Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts(a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.) and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. |
| Diffusion | The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they spread out evenly. |
| Osmosis | A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one. |
| Selectively Permeable | A selectively permeable cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport. |
| Permeable | Permeable means that everything is able to pass through. |
| Transverse Wave | A transverse wave is a wave where the movement of the particles of the medium is perpendicular (at a right angle) to the direction of propagation(energy transport) of the wave. |
| Trough | The point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of negative or downward displacement from the rest position. |
| Crest | The point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of positive or upward displacement from the rest position. |
| Amplitude | The maximum amount of displacement of a particle on the medium from its rest position. |
| Rest | A dashed line represents the equilibrium or rest position of the string. Once a disturbance is introduced into the string, the particles of the string begin to vibrate upwards and downwards. At any given moment in time, a particle on the medium could be above or below the rest position. |
| Wavelength | The length of one complete wave cycle. |
| Vacuum | Space in which there is no matter or in which the pressure is so low that any particles in the space do not affect any processes being carried on there. It is a condition well below normal atmospheric pressure and is measured in units of pressure (the pascal). |
| Transparent | Allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen. |
| Translucent | Allowing light, but not detailed shapes, to pass through; semi-transparent. |
| Reflection | Reflection is when light bounces off an object. |
| Refraction | Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal. |
| Focal Point | The focal point of a lens or mirror is the point in space where parallel light rays meet after passing through the lens or bouncing off the mirror. A "perfect" lens or mirror would send all light rays through one focal point, which would result in the clearest image. |
| Focal Length | The distance between the center of a convex lens or a concave mirror and the focal point |
| Short Sighted | Someone with short sight can see near objects clearly, but their far point is closer than infinity. This means they cannot focus properly on distant objects. |
| Causes of short sight | The eyeball being elongated - so that the distance between the lens and the retina is too great. The lens being too thick and curved - so that light is focused in front of the retina. |
| Long Sight | Someone with long sight can see distant objects clearly, but their near point is further away than 25 cm. This means they cannot focus properly on near objects. |
| Causes of long sight | The eyeball being too short - so the distance between the lens and retina is too small. A loss of elasticity in the lens - meaning it cannot become fat enough to focus (which is often age-related). |
| Characteristics of Life | MRS GREN |
| Movement | All living things move, even plants. Ability to travel from one place to another. |
| Respiration | Getting energy from food.Respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place within the cells of organisms. It stores biochemical energy within adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. There are two types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. |
| Aerobic Respiration | Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | The process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. It is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP, which is far fewer than aerobic respiration. |
| Sensitivity | Detecting changes in the surroundings. It includes the way organisms respond to their environment. |
| Growth | All living things grow. The increase in cell size and number that take place during the life of an organism. |
| Reproduction | Making more living things of the same type. There are two types: Sexual and Asexual reproduction. |
| Sexual Reproduction | The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female). |
| Asexual Reproduction | An organism capable of asexual reproduction is able to produce offspring in the absence of a mate. There is no exchange of genetic material because only one organism reproduces. |
| Excretion | The process by which metabolic wastes and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism. |
| Nutrition | Nutrition is taking in nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials and energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them. |
| Synthesis Reaction | It is a building up reaction. It's when two or more substances bond to make a new different substance. A + B → AB |
| Decomposition Reaction | A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. AB → A + B |
| Single Displacement Reaction | When an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound. AB + C → AC + B |
| Double Displacement Reaction | The cations and anions of two different compounds switch places. AB + CD → AD + CB |
| Precipitation Reaction | When an insoluble solid emerges from a liquid solution. |
| Neutralisation | Reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralisation results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in solution. |
| Combustion | It's an exothermic reaction in which something reacts with oxygen. The combustion of organic compounds usually takes the form organic compound + oxygen => water + carbon dioxide. |
| Oxidation | Oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, one atom or compound will steal electrons from another atom or compound. |
| Physical Change | A physical change in a substance doesn't change what the substance is. Physical changes can be reversed. |
| Chemical Change | In a chemical change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and energy is either given off or absorbed and cannot be reversed with the substance changed back without extraordinary means. |
| Exothermic Reaction | When heat is given off in a chemical change or reaction. |
| Endothermic Reaction | When heat is absorbed in a chemical change or reaction. |
| Balancing Equations | |
| Write Chemical Formula |
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