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Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The Danger of the Single Story | only one story about Afrika / Nigeria in her case.. • single story versus many stories (also when teaching: choosing topics/texts to teach) • question of representation: who tells stories about whom, when and where • story-telling and power (US market for literature SO MUCH bigger than Nigerian or African book market... awareness is important!) • teaching English and the canon (You almost only learn about Western history/literary! hard to change but need to be aware of that) |
| representation language? | "Representation means using language to say something meaningful about, or to represent the world meaningfully, to other people." (Hall, Stuart. Representation. 1997, p.15) language = a system of representation (not the only one, signs, emoticons, gestures, ..also systems of representation) |
| How do we make things mean? (3 different ways of looking at meaning) | reflective/mimetic approach intentional approach constructionist approach |
| reflective/mimetic approach | language reflects the world, it imitates life (when you look a text and you think it's an exact description of what happended) often texts get judged by this criterion eg. Univeristy teacher of ngozi who thought that her novel doesn't represent Nigera as he knew it; he thought that it wasn’t authentic one of the old ideals of literature -> a bit obsolete often used in critizism of film and literature (usually seen as negative if not 'realistic') |
| intentional approach | an utterance means whatever the author intends it to mean (links up with model of communication) |
| constructionist approach also examples! | things don't mean; we construct meaning by using representational systems – the material world does not convey meaning, but our signifying practices do eg. language as representaitonal system and we use it to construct meaning writers use it and readers constrict it from the written text eg. Hypo Alpe Adria.. is not meaningful as a word, but the discourse created meaning another example: Ampelmännchen what gives them meaning is the conversation about them they represent/stand for green/red: go/stop (symbolize certain action in traffic) they 'mean' because they're different (from each other-red-green) used to promote homosexuality in public domain (not about safety, walking, waiting, OTHER MEANING: visual sexual identity, refers to social issue) |
| Discourse | • polysemicterm • Michel Foucault: how are meanings circulated and how do they result in power relations? "Discourse is the term used to describe the network of statements, images, stories and practices by which certain beliefs or a set of ideas about a particular topic are circulated and sustained in order to naturalize (or normalize) these as self-evident or common sense." make sth appear as evident and normal eg. if only read one single newspaper = very one-sided (one story) |
| narrative transmission | the way how a story is told (discourse-side) |
| author – narrator | narrator can be character or function but author does not equal narrator obviously |
| reader - narratee | reader is person outside the text naratee is someone inside a text who is being told a story (eg. Time Machine: Time Traveller tells sth to his visitors-->naratees) eg. in children's book, when 'author' says: let me tell you a story; narrator tells it to some kind of invisible narratee (aka the child) narratee (Adressat) |
| narrator - narrative instance (also narrative function) | in literary studies many people distinguish between narrators and narrative instances (or functions) according to how clearly identifiable a speaker is. In first-person (and overt authorial) narrative situations we often feel as though we have a clear sense of who is speaking to us, the narrator is a recognizable person. In the figural narrative situation, however, we do not have an overt, clearly identifiable speaker. Instead we are presented events through a character's perspective, which is mediated by some narrative instance. We try not to refer to this narrative instance as a narrator since they have no clearly distinct presence or identity as a person telling the story. Perhaps you will have noticed in your reading that scholars like Michael Meyer often speak of first-person and authorial narrators and figural narrative situations. That is because the figural narrative situation "has no visible narrator and presents events through a character's perspective" (Meyer 71). |
| narrator – focalizer (Genette)- reflector (Stanzel) | Stanzel introduced reflector (who feels this/who sees this), Genette introduced focalizer folcalizer=reflector but difference between narrator narrator (who says this, who tells the story?) |
| extradiegetic vs. intradiegetic narrator | based on Genette extradiegetic (level of narrative): not part of the world that is narrated, narrator kind of superior; no personal involvement of narrator with story that is told vs. Intradiegetic narrator (characters telling each other stories within the narrative): part of the story and telling each other things .. eg. Time Machine (time traveller telling story to his visitors) |
| homodiegetic vs. heterodiegetic narrator | homodiegetic (charachter in the story that he/she tells -> eg. Me in Anita and me) heterodiegetic (located outside the story, that he or she tells eg. sb telling a story about grandparents) |
| overt vs. covert narrator | question of how much you can see of narrator in question -> are they actually present? Is there some kind of judgement/comment, that narrator makes of events? Is there a lot of summing up in the book? Or dialogues (covert narrator) |
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