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Description
Flashcards by Nicole Dane, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Nicole Dane
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Belief and Knowledge: Prichard and Malcolm | It is impossible to doubt everything. - You cannot have no position at all, so you cannot have an opinion from no where (argument as to why we cannot completely remove bias — cannot doubt everything). |
| Belief and Knowledge: Prichard | One has to be certain that one doesn’t know p to doubt that p. - To doubt, you must be know what you are doubting is not true, which means you know something |
| Belief and Knowledge: Malcolm | The knife in the drawer. - If there is not a knife in a drawer, which you were certain there was a knife, that means the drawer is empty. Though you were wrong, and your senses tricked you, you can now be certain that the drawer is empty. |
| Belief and Knowledge: Prichard's Premises | 1. Knowing is “absolutely different” from believing. - To know something is to assert it is true, to believe something is to think it is true. a) Beliefs may be true or false, but knowledge is neither true nor false. b) ‘[W]e only say we know something when we are certain of it.” 2. “[W]hen we know something we either do, or by reflecting, can know that our condition is one of knowing that thing, while when believe something, we either do or can know that our condition is one of believing and not of knowing.” Eg, knowing that a noise is loud v believing that the noise is due to a car. |
| Belief and Knowledge: Pritchard's 2 is False | - I believe x is true. And you are right, which means you guess correctly. - I believe x is true because… And you are right, which means you estimated correctly. - I know x is true because… And you are right, which means you knew it was true. - I know x is true because… And you are wrong, which means you could not have known it was true, because it wasn’t true. |
| Belief and Knowledge: Malcolm | 1. “Whether we should say that you knew [something], depends in part on whether you had grounds for your assertion and on the strength of those grounds.” - No reasonings makes a belief weak, some reasoning makes a belief stronger, strong reasoning can result in knowledge. 2. Reflection cannot always distinguish between cases in which one knows something and cases in which one does not. |
| Belief and Knowledge: Following Malcolm's 2nd Premise | It follows from the second point that: 1. Knowing that p is a species of believing that p. 2. In saying that S knows p, we are in part reporting something external to S and what she is thinking. 1. S believes p. 2. S is justified in believing p. 3. It is true that p. That is, Knowledge = Justified true belief. |
| Belief and Knowledge: Another idea from Malcolm | - We can distinguish between knowing in a strong sense and knowing in a weak sense. - This does not come down to the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. |
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