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Flashcards

Abdomen continued 2

Lou Clark Anatomy & SF2 Year 1 English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1What occurs when the veins of the rectal portosystemic anastomosis are abnormally dilated?Haemorrhoids
  2. 2Describe the portosystemic anastomosis that occurs around the umbilicus.Between para-umbilical veins that into the anterior abdominal wall (portal) and the superficial epigastric veins (systemic)
  3. 3What occurs when the veins of the umbilical portosystemic anastomosis are abnormally dilated?Caput medusae
  4. 4Describe the general portosystemic anastomosis that occurs around the colon.Between branches of colic veins (portal) and branches of retroperitoneal veins (systemic)
  5. 5Are the kidneys intra- or retroperitoneal?Retroperitoneal
  6. 6At what point to the ureters pass over the pelvic brim?Bifurcation of the common iliac artery (L4)
  7. 7What is normally found on the superomedial surface of the kidney?Suprarenal gland
  8. 8What two layers surround both the kidneys and the suprarenal gland?1. Renal fascia
    2. Perinephric fat (perirenal fat capsule)
  9. 9What name is given to the extension of renal fascia surrounding the ureters?Peri-ureteric fascia
  10. 10What layer surrounds the renal fascia? On what side is it found most obviously?Paranephric fat (pararenal fat body).
    Found most significantly posteriorly
  11. 11Whats is the paranephric fat a continuation of?Extraperitoneal fat of the lumbar region
  12. 12What tends to happens to the renal fascia superiorly and inferiorly?Superiorly: continuous with diaphragmatic fascia
    Inferiorly: anterior and posterior layers may be loosely attached (or not at all)
  13. 13Kidney mobility (depending on body position) is limited to about how much?3 cm
  14. 14Which kidney is found at a slightly lower level?Right (probably due to liver)
  15. 15At what levels are the kidneys generally found?T12-L3
  16. 16What is the name given to the opening on the medial border of the kidney? Where does it enter?Renal hilum.
    Enters into the renal sinus
  17. 17Describe the contents of the renal sinus.1. Mostly fat (continuous with perinephric fat).
    2. Renal pelvis
    3. Renal calices
    4. Vessels
    5. Nerves
  18. 18Describe the orientation of the vessels entering/leaving the hilum of the kidney in relation to each other.Renal pelvis is most posterior, then renal artery and then renal vein most anteriorly.
  19. 19What is the posterior surface of the kidney related to?Superiorly: diaphragm
    Inferiorly: quadratus lumborum muscle
  20. 20What three nerves descend diagonally across the posterior surface of the kidney?1. Subcostal
    2. Iliohypogastric
    3. Ilioinguinal
  21. 21What structures are found anterior to the right kidney?1. Liver
    2. Duodenum
    3. Ascending colon
  22. 22What structures are found anterior to the left kidney?1. Spleen
    2. Pancreas
    3. Stomach
    4. Jejunum
    5. Descending colon
  23. 23Describe the structures of the kidney leading to the formation of the ureter.Renal pelvis is formed by merging of two or three major calyces. Each major calyx is formed by the merging of two or three minor calyces.
  24. 24What name is given to the superior expanded end of the ureter?Renal pelvis
  25. 25What indents each minor calyx?Renal papilla (part of renal pyramid)
  26. 26Are the ureters retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?Retroperitoneal
  27. 27Over which muscle do the ureters run inferomedially?Psoas major
  28. 28Where are the ureters in relation to the lumbar vertebrae?Run along the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
  29. 29Where are the ureters somewhat constricted?1. Junction of the renal pelvis and ureter
    2. Where they cross the brim of the pelvic inlet
    3. As they pass through the wall of the urinary bladder
  30. 30What is the significance of the sites of constriction of the ureters?Potential sites of obstruction by ureteric (kidney) stones
  31. 31What are the respective shapes of the right and left suprarenal glands?Right: pyramid shaped
    Left: crescent shaped
  32. 32What does the right suprarenal gland make contact with?Posteriorly: diaphragm
    Anteromedially: IVC
    Anterolaterally: liver
  33. 33What does the left suprarenal gland lie in contact with?Anterolaterally: spleen
    Anteriorly: stomach
    Anteroinferiorly: pancreas
    Posteriorly: left crus of diaphragm
  34. 34Name the three "layers" of suprarenal gland?1. Fibrous capsule
    2. Cortex
    3. Medulla
  35. 35What is the function of the suprarenal cortex?Secretes corticosteroids and androgens
  36. 36What is the function of the suprarenal medulla?Secretes catecholamines
  37. 37At what spinal level do the renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta?L1/L2
  38. 38Which renal artery is longer? Why?Right renal artery, passes posterior to the IVC
  39. 39Where do the renal arteries tend to divide? What do they become?Divide close to hilum of the kidney.
    Divide into five segmental arteries
  40. 40Which renal vein is longer? Why?Left renal vein.
    Passes anterior to the aorta.
  41. 41Into which blood vessel do the renal veins drain?IVC
  42. 42What are the three sources of the arteries to the ureters?1. Renal artery
    2. Testicular/ovarian arteries
    3. Abdominal aorta
  43. 43Where do the veins of the ureters drain into?1. Renal veins
    2. Testicular/ovarian veins
  44. 44What are the three sources of the suprarenal arteries?1. Superior suprarenal arteries from the inferior phrenic artery (6-8)
    2. Middle suprarenal arteries from abdominal aorta (1-2) -near SMA origin
    3. Inferior suprarenal arteries from renal artery (1-2)
  45. 45Why is a good blood supply to the suprarenal glands important?Due to their endocrine function in secretin hormones into blood stream
  46. 46What veins drain the suprarenal gland? Describe the difference between right and left sides?Suprarenal vein
    Short right suprarenal veins drain into IVC. Left long suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein
  47. 47What vein typically joins the left suprarenal vein?Left inferior phrenic vein
  48. 48Describe the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys.Follow renal veins to drain into lumbar lymph nodes (caval and aortic -along aorta)
  49. 49Describe the lymphatic drainage of the ureter.Superiorly: drain into lumbar lymph nodes (caval and aortic)
    Middle part: common iliac lymph nodes
    Inferiorly: common/external/internal iliac lymph nodes
  50. 50Describe the lymphatic drainage of the suprarenal glands?Lymph drains from two plexuses: 1 deep to the fibrous capsule and another in its medulla. Lymph passes to the lumbar lymph nodes
  51. 51Which nerve plexus supplies to the kidneys?Renal plexus
  52. 52Which nerve plexuses supply the ureters?1. Renal
    2. Abdominal aortic
    3. Superior hypogastric
  53. 53Describe the course of visceral afferent fibres (pain) conveying sensation from the kidneys an ureters.Travel with sympathetic fibres to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11-L2.
  54. 54What are the two chief sources of nervous innervation of the suprarenal glands?1. Coeliac nerve plexus
    2. Abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, least) splanchnic nerves
  55. 55What is important about the synapses of the nerves to the suprarenal gland?They are generally myelinated presynaptic sympathetic fibres that transverse paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia without synapsing to be distributed amongst chromaffin cells in the suprarenal medulla.
  56. 56At what level is the hilum of the left kidney found at? And at what distance from the midline?Near transpyloric plane L1.
    About 5cm from midline
  57. 57What point does the transpyloric plane pass through on the right and left kidney?Right: superior pole
    Left: hilum
  58. 58What ribs do the posterior aspect of the kidneys lie deep to?11 and 12th
  59. 59What is the movement of the kidneys during deep inspiration?Move inferiorly
  60. 60What are the nerves associated with sympathetic innervation to the abdomen?Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves:
    consist of lower thoracic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least) and lumbar splanchnic nerves
  61. 61Where do the presynaptic fibres of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves originate?From cell bodies in the intermediolateral cell column (lateral horn) of the gray matter of spinal cord T7 - L2/3.
  62. 62Describe the course taken from the spinal cord by the fibres that become the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves.Pass through the anterior roots, anterior rams and then the white communicating branches of thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves to reach the sympathetic trunk. Pass through the paravertebral ganglia without synapsing to become abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves. This travel to prevertebral ganglia where they synapse.
  63. 63What are the spinal root values of the greater splanchnic nerve?T5-T9/10.
  64. 64What are the spinal root values of the lesser splanchnic nerve?T10-T11
  65. 65What is the root value of the least splanchnic nerve?T12
  66. 66Which abdominal prevertebral ganglia and plexuses do each of the thoracic abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves supply?Greater: coeliac plexus
    Lesser: Aorticorenal plexus
    Least: Superior mesenteric plexus
  67. 67Which abdominal prevertebral ganglia and plexuses do the lumbar splanchnic nerves supply?1. Intermesenteric plexus
    2. Inferior mesenteric plexus
    3. Superior hypogastric plexus
  68. 68Where do presynaptic sympathetic fibres synapse with postsynaptic sympathetic fibres of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?In prevertebral ganglia.
  69. 69What are the named prevertebral sympathetic ganglia associated with innervation of the abdominal cavity?1. Coeliac
    2. Aorticorenal
    3. Superior mesenteric
    4. Inferior mesenteric
  70. 70In which plexuses are the unnamed prevertebral sympathetic ganglia associated with innervation of the abdominal cavity found?1. Intermesenteric plexus
    2. Abdominal plexus
    3. Aortic plexus
    4. Superior hypogastric plexus
  71. 71How do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibres pass from the abdominal prevertebral ganglia to their respective abdominal viscera?Via periarterial plexuses of the branches of the abdominal aorta
  72. 72What is the general action of sympathetic innervation to the abdomen?Vasoconstriction e.g. inhibits/slows down peristalsis in alimentary tract
  73. 73What is the exception to the general inhibition of movement/secretion associated with sympathetic innervation of the abdomen?Suprarenal glands: secretary to the medulla as presynaptic fibres (do not synapse in prevertebral ganglia)
  74. 74How do visceral afferent fibres conveying pain sensation from the abdomen travel to the spinal cord?Retrograde to the sympathetic fibres (via abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves) to the sympathetic trunks. Fibres pass through the white communicating rami and anterior rami of the spinal nerves. Then enter posterior root of the spinal sensory ganglia
  75. 75Visceral afferent information from the foregut (stomach) is received at what spinal cord levels?T6-T9
  76. 76Visceral afferent information from the midgut (small intestine to transverse colon) is received at what spinal cord levels?T8-T12
  77. 77Visceral afferent information from the hindgut (descending colon etc) is received at what spinal cord levels?T12-L2
  78. 78At what point in the colon is there a change in the way visceral pain fibres are conveyed to the spinal cord? What is this change?At the midpoint of the sigmoid colon, after this point visceral afferent pain fibres travel retrograde to parasympathetic fibres to S2-S4.
  79. 79What spinal cord segments are associated with sympathetic innervation of the foregut, midgut and hindgut?Foregut: T6-T9
    Midgut: T8-T12
    Hindgut: T12-L2
  80. 80What does the parasympathetic part of the nervous innervation of the abdomen consist of?1. Anterior and posterior vagal trunks
    2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
    3. Abdominal plexuses +periarterial extensions (mixed with sympa.)
    4. Intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia
  81. 81What are the anterior and posterior vagal trunks a continuation of?The left and right vagus nerves after emerging fro the oesophageal plexus.
  82. 82What do the anterior and posterior vagal trunks pass through to enter the abdominal cavity?Oesophageal hiatus
  83. 83What fibres do the vagus trunks convey?1. Prevertebral parasympathetic fibres
    2. Visceral afferent fibres (associated with reflex)
  84. 84From what spinal cord segments do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise?Anterior rami of S2-S4
  85. 85What fibres do the pelvic splanchnic nerves convey? To which plexus to the tend?Presynaptic parasympathetic fibres, conveyed to the inferior hypogastric plexus
  86. 86Where are the intrinsic ganglia of the parasympathetic fibres of the abdomen found?On or within abdominal viscera
  87. 87What viscera of the GI tract do the vagal trunks supply?Lower oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, ascending and most of transverse colon?
  88. 88What supplies the parasympathetic innervation of the sigmoid and descending colon, rectum and pelvic organs?Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)
  89. 89What is the name of the intrinsic parasympathetic ganglia (plexus) found in the muscular coat of the stomach and intestine?Myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus)
  90. 90What is the parasympathetic root of the coeliac plexus?Branch of posterior vagal trunk (from right and left vagus nerves)
  91. 91What is the sympathetic root of the coeliac plexus?Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves T6-T11
  92. 92Why might the right dome of the liver extend higher than the left?Presence of the liver
  93. 93During expiration what levels might the right and left dome of diaphragm reach?Right dome: 5th rib
    Left dome: 5th intercostal space
  94. 94What structure is found in the centre of the diaphragm?Central tendon
  95. 95What are the three parts that make up the muscular part of the diaphragm?1. Sternal part
    2. Costal part
    3. Lumbar part
  96. 96What is the superior surface of the central tendon of the diaphragm fused to?Inferior surface of fibrous pericardium
  97. 97Where does the sternal part of the muscular diaphragm attach to?Two muscular slept attaching to posterior aspect of xiphoid process of sternum
  98. 98Where does the costal part of the muscular diaphragm attach to?Wide muscular slips attaching to internal surface of inferior six costal cartilages and their adjoining ribs
  99. 99Where does the lumbar part of the diaphragm arise from?Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and from fascia of the L1-L3 vertebrae
  100. 100What muscle does the medial arcuate ligament arise from?Fascia of psoas major (as it passes through the diaphragm)
  101. 101What muscle does the lateral arcuate ligament arise from?Fascia of quadratus lumborum
  102. 102What part of the diaphragm form the aortic hiatus and cross over to surround the oesophageal hiatus?Right and left crura (lumbar part)
  103. 103From what structures does the crura of the diaphragm arise?L1-L3 + IV discs and overlying anterior longitudinal ligament
  104. 104What is the difference between right and left crura?Right crura is larger and longer arising from L1-L3/4. Left crura arises from L1-L2/3
  105. 105What unites the two crura of the diaphragm (passes over anterior surface of aorta)?Median arcuate ligament
  106. 106What are the three large apertures of the diaphragm?1. Caval opening
    2. Oesophageal hiatus
    3. Aortic hiatus
  107. 107What part of the diaphragm is the canal opening located?Central tendon
  108. 108What passes through the caval opening?1. IVC
    2. Terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
    3. Lymphatic vessels from liver to middle phrenic and mediastinal lymph nodes
  109. 109Where is the caval opening located in relation to the median plane?To the right of the median plane between the right and middle leaves of the central tendon
  110. 110At what spinal level is the caval opening found?T8 (or T8/T9)
  111. 111What changes occur at the caval opening upon inspiration?Diaphragm contracts opening the caval opening and dilating the IVC, this facilitates blood return to the heart.
  112. 112What part of the diaphragm is the oesophageal hiatus located?Right crus
  113. 113At what spinal level is the oesophageal hiatus found?T10
  114. 114What structures pass through the oesophageal hiatus?1. Oesophagus
    2. Anterior and posterior vagal trunks
    3. Oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels
    4. Lymphatic vessels
  115. 115What changes occur at the oesophageal hiatus upon contraction of the diaphragm (inspiration)?Right crus fibres that form the muscular sling around the hiatus form a muscular sphincter that constricts the hiatus.
  116. 116What vessels pass through the aortic hiatus?1. Descending aorta
    2. Azygos vein
    3. Thoracic duct
  117. 117Why is blood flow through the aorta unaffected by contraction/relaxation of the musculature of the diaphragm?It does not pass through the diaphragm as it is located posterior to it.
  118. 118At what spinal level is the aortic hiatus located?T12
  119. 119Where is the sternocostal triangle located?Between the sternal and costal attachments of the diaphragm.
  120. 120What is the function of the sternocostal triangle?Transmits lymphatic vessels from the diaphragmatic surface of the liver and the superior epigastric vessels through the diaphragm.
  121. 121How do the sympathetic trunks transverse the diaphragm?Deep to medial arcuate ligaments
  122. 122How do the great and lesser splanchnic nerves enter the abdomen?Transverse the crura of the diaphragm.
  123. 123What arteries supply the superior surface of the diaphragm?1. Pericardiacophrenic arteries
    2. Musculophrenic arteries
    3. Branches of internal thoracic arteries
    4. Superior phrenic arteries (from thoracic aorta)
  124. 124What arteries supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm?Inferior phrenic arteries (typically first branch of abdominal aorta but may arise from coeliac plexus)
  125. 125What veins drain the superior surface of the diaphragm?1. Musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic veins drain into internal thoracic vein
    2. Superior phrenic vein (on the right side) drains into IVC
    3. Posteriorly veins drain into azygos and hemi-azygos veins
  126. 126What veins drain the inferior surface of the diaphragm?Inferior phrenic veins:
    Right inferior phrenic vein drains into IVC.
    Left inferior phrenic vein usually has two branches, one passing through the oesophageal hiatus to end in IVC, the other joining the left suprarenal vein.
  127. 127Into which lymph nodes does lymph from the thoracic surface of the diaphragm drain into?Anterior and posterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. Then drain into parasternal, posterior mediastinal and phrenic lymph nodes.
  128. 128Into which lymph nodes does lymph from the abdominal surface of the diaphragm drain into?Anterior diaphragmatic, phrenic, and superior lumbar (caval/aortic) lymph nodes.
  129. 129Why is there are dense network of lymphatic vessels on the abdominal surface of the diaphragm?Primary means of absorption of peritoneal fluid and in the case of intraperitoneal injections
  130. 130What is the motor supply to the diaphragm?Right and left phrenic nerves C3-C5
  131. 131Describe the sensory innervation (pain and proprioception) of the diaphragm.Majority supplied by the phrenic nerve.
    Peripheral parts supplied by intercostal nerves (lower 6/7) and subcostal nerve.
  132. 132What is the psoas fascia continuous with on the anterolateral abdominal wall?Transversalis fascia
  133. 133What is the psoas fascia continuous with medially?Fascia overlying lumbar vertebra
  134. 134What is the name of the superior thickening of the psoas fascia?Medial arcuate ligament
  135. 135What does the psoas fascia fuse with laterally?1. Quadratus lumborum fascia
    2. Thoracolumbar fascia
  136. 136What is the psoas fascia continuous with inferior to the iliac crest?Iliac fascia covering iliacus muscle
  137. 137What are the three layers of thoracolumbar fascia?1. Anterior
    2. Middle
    3. Posterior
  138. 138How does the thoracolumbar fascia differ in the thoracic and lumbar regions?Thoracic: thin and transparent
    Lumbar: thick and strong
  139. 139What is found between the layers of the thoracolumbar fascia?Muscles of the posterior thoracolumbar wall
  140. 140What muscles are found between the posterior and middle layers of thoracolumbar fascia in the abdominal part?Vertical deep back muscles (erector spinae)
  141. 141What does the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region attach to laterally?Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
  142. 142What is the name given to the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia found in the lumbar region?Quadratus lumborum fascia
  143. 143What does the quadratus lumborum fascia attach to medially?Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and 12th rib (+psoas fascia)
  144. 144What is the quadratus lumborum fascia continuous with laterally?Aponeurotic origin of transversus abdominis muscle (+transversalis fascia)
  145. 145What is the name of the superior thickening of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia?Lateral arcuate ligament
  146. 146What is the superior attachment of psoas major?Sides of bodies of T12-L1 (+ IV disc), transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
  147. 147What is the inferior attachment of psoas major?Lesser trochanter of femur
  148. 148What is the innervation of psoas major?Lumbar plexus, anterior branches of L2-L4
  149. 149What is the action of psoas major?Acts with iliacus to produce flexion of the thigh.
    Flexes the vertebral column (in supine position).
  150. 150What is the superior attachment of iliacus?Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, anterior sacro-iliac joint.
  151. 151What is the inferior attachment of iliacus?Lesser trochanter of femur (psoas major tendon), and to shaft inferior to lesser trochanter
  152. 152What is the innervation of iliacus?Femoral nerve L2-L4
  153. 153What is the action of iliopsoas?Flexes thigh and stabilises hip joint. When thigh is flexed it is a strong flexor of the trunk (e.g.sit-ups)
  154. 154What is the superior attachment of quadratus lumborum?Medial half of inferior surface of 12th rib, tips of lumbar transverse processes
  155. 155What is the inferior attachment of quadrates lumborum?Internal lip of iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
  156. 156What is the innervation of quadratus lumborum?Anterior branches of T12-L4 nerves
  157. 157What is the action of quadratus lumborum?Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column, fixes 12th rib during inspiration
  158. 158How does the subcostal nerve enter the abdomen?Passes posterior to the lateral arcuate ligament
  159. 159What muscle does the subcostal nerve run inferolaterally on its anterior surface in the abdominal cavity?Quadratus lumborum
  160. 160What muscles does the subcostal nerve transverse in the abdomen?Transversus abdominis and internal oblique, to supply external oblique and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall
  161. 161What happens to the lumbar spinal nerves as they exit the IV foramina?Split into anterior and posterior rami
  162. 162What type of fibres do the anterior and posterior rami of the lumbar spinal nerves convey?Both sensory and motor
  163. 163What do the posterior rami of the lumbar spinal nerves supply?Deep back muscles and skin of the back
  164. 164What supplies presynaptic sympathetic fibres to the lumbar sympathetic trunks?Proximal parts of the anterior rami of L1-2/3 give rise to white rami communicantes containing presynaptic sympathetic fibres
  165. 165Where are the lumbar sympathetic trunks located?Descend of the anterolateral aspects of bodies of lumbar vertebrae in a groove between vertebrae and psoas major
  166. 166How are postsynaptic fibres from the lumbar sympathetic trunk conveyed to the lumbar plexus?Via gray communicating branches
  167. 167Where is the lumbar plexus of nerves located?Posterior part of the psoas major, anterior to lumbar transverse processes
  168. 168What spinal nerves is the lumbar plexus composed of?Anterior rami of L1-L4
  169. 169What are the branches of the lumbar plexus?1. Obturator nerve
    2. Femoral nerve
    3. Lumbosacral trunk
    4. Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve
    5. Genitofemoral nerve
    6. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  170. 170What are the three largest branches of the lumbar plexus?1. Obturator nerve
    2. Femoral nerve
    3. Lumbosacral trunk
  171. 171What are the spinal root values of the obturator nerve?L2-L4
  172. 172What is the course taken by the obturator nerve?Passes along posterior aspect of psoas major to emerge from its medial border passing through the pelvis to supply medial thigh (adductor muscles)
  173. 173What are the spinal root values of the femoral nerve?L2-L4
  174. 174Describe the course taken by the femoral nerve.Passes inferiolaterally on posterior surface of psoas major to emerge on its lateral border. Innervates iliacus and passes deep to inguinal ligament to the anterior thigh (hip flexors, knee extensors)
  175. 175What are the spinal root values of the lumbosacral trunk?L4-L5
  176. 176Describe the course taken by the lumbosacral trunk.Passes along medial border of psoas major and over the ala of the sacrum. Descends into pelvis to become part of sacral plexus
  177. 177What nerve root value do the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves arise from?Anterior rami of L1
  178. 178How do the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves enter the abdominal cavity?Posterior to the medial arcuate ligament (and posterior to psoas major)
  179. 179What muscle do the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves pass over its anterior surface in the posterior abdominal wall?Quadratus lumborum
  180. 180At approximately what point do the iliohypogastric and iliolinguinal nerves pierce the transversus abdominis (+internal and external oblique)?Near anterior superior iliac spine
  181. 181What spinal root values does the genitofemoral nerve arise from?L1-L2
  182. 182What muscle does the genitofemoral nerve pierce?Psoas major
  183. 183Between what does the genitofemoral nerve run?Between anterior surface of psoas major and psoas fascia
  184. 184Where does the genitofemoral nerve divide in relation to the common iliac artery? What are its branches?Lateral to common and external iliac artery.
    Femoral branch and genital branch
  185. 185What spinal root values does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh arise from?L2-L3
  186. 186What muscle does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh run along in the abdominopelvic region?Anterior surface of iliacus (after emerging laterally from posterior surface of psoas)
  187. 187How does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh enter the thigh region?Posterior to inguinal ligament, just medial to anterior superior iliac spine.
  188. 188What is the approximate length of the abdominal aorta?13cm
  189. 189Where does the the abdominal aorta begin and end (including spinal levels)?Begins: aortic hiatus T12
    Ends: Bifurcation into common iliac arteries L4
  190. 190Where is the aortic bifurcation in relation to the umbilicus?2-3cm inferior and to the left of the umbilicus
  191. 191What arteries supply the posterior abdominal wall (lumbar vertebrae, back muscles and abdominal wall)?4-5 lumbar arteries arising from abdominal aorta.
    Sub-costal artery from thoracic aorta (supply region immediately below 12th rib)
  192. 192What two branches of the external iliac artery supply the anterolateral abdominal wall?1. Inferior epigastric
    2. Deep iliac circumflex
  193. 193What are the lateral paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta and their spinal level of origin?1. Suprarenal L1
    2. Renal L1
    3. Gonadal arteries (testicular / ovarian) L2
  194. 194What are the anterior unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta and their spinal level of origin?1. Coeliac trunk T12
    2. SMA L1
    3. IMA L3
  195. 195What are the posterolateral paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta and their spinal level of origin?1. Inferior phrenic T12
    2. Lumbar arteries L1-L4
  196. 196What is the unpaired parietal branch of the abdominal aorta and its spinal level of origin?Median sacral artery L4 (posterior aspect of bifurcation)
  197. 197At what spinal level does the union of the common iliac veins to form the IVC occur?L5
  198. 198Where does the union of the common iliac veins to form the IVC occur in relation to the common iliac arteries?2.5cm to right of median plane posterior to the proximal part of right common iliac artery
  199. 199What two large collection of efferent lymphatic vessels lead to the formation of the thoracic duct?1. Lumbar lymph trunk
    2. Intestinal lymph trunk
  200. 200What is the name of the sac-like end of the thoracic duct?Cisterna chyli

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Year 1 Anatomy & SF2 Flashcards on Abdomen continued 2, created by Lou Clark on 23/12/2016.
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