GiU Topic 2 - Terminology

Question	Answer
Constituent	word or a string of words (=phrase) which syntactically behaves as a unit in a larger construction.
Immediate constituents	those that immediately make up a construction on the table (prepositional phrase) (on=preposition; the table= noun phrase; also the table= immediate constituents of Noun Phrase)
Constituent tests	-Substitution -Sentence Fragment -Movement -Coordination -Omission
Substitution	My favorite author wrote that book. (What could be replaced with a pronoun? The author can be replaced with 'he' -->indicator that you're dealing with constituent He wrote that book. My favorite author wrote it. (What did he write?) A: Did your favorite author write that book? B: Yes, he did! Once you identify subject of sentence: rest is also a constituent
Sentence fragment	Who wrote that book? -> My favorite author. What did he write? -> That book.
Movement:	passivization: That book was written by my favorite author. It-cleft: It was my favorite author who wrote the book. Left-dislocation: My favorite author, he wrote that book. (anaphoric= rückweisend)
Coordination	→ only constituents can be coordinated by conjunction and → e.g. Our vicar likes fast cars and slow bikes.
Syntactic category -lexical category -grammatical category	It is a set of words or phrases in a language that share significant numbers of common characteristics ->it is how words are divided -lexical category: These are words that have its own meanings --> nouns, verbs -grammatical category: These are words that cannot stand alone or don’t have its own meanings -->determiners, auxiliaries
syntactic class	same as syntactic category
Part of speech	same as syntactic class, syntactic category and word class
Name all syntactic classes	Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Subordinator, Determiner, Coordinator
Noun subcategories?	word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun).
Verb: subcategories?	A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen. -In linguistics a lexical verb or full verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. -auxiliary word: A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, do, and have; the modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
Adjective	A word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.
Adverb	A word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an adjective, verb, or other adverb, expressing manner, place, time, or degree (e.g. gently, here, now, very). Some adverbs, for example sentence adverbs, can also be used to modify whole sentences.
Preposition	A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in ‘the man on the platform’, ‘she arrived after dinner’, ‘what did you do it for?’.
Subordinator	a subordinating(unterordnend) conjunction, participle, or other element.
Coordinator	A word used to connect clauses, sentences, or words of equal syntactic importance (e.g. and, or, for)
Determiner	A modifying word that determines the kind of reference a noun or noun group has, for example a, the, every, your.
Finite verb	having a specific tense, number, and person
Non-finite verb:	not limited by tense, person, or number. Most nonfinite verbs found in English are infinitives, participles and gerunds.
Syntactic function	he syntactic function role it plays in a construction, e.g. subject, object, modifier, predicate, adjunct, head, ... what it does
Subject	A noun or noun phrase functioning as one of the main components of a clause, being the element about which the rest of the clause is predicated.
Predicate Inside the predicate	The part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g. went home in John went home). 2 types of complementation -Object Complement: 1. direct object 2. indirect object -Predicative complement: 1. Subject Complement 2. Object Complement
Predicator	(in systemic grammar) a verb phrase considered as a constituent of clause structure, along with subject, object, and adjunct.
Head	The word that governs all the other words in a phrase in which it is used, having the same grammatical function as the whole phrase.
Direct object:	A noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb, for example the dog in Jeremy fed the dog.
Modifier	A word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun (e.g. good and family in a good family house).
Indirect Object	A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb (typically as a recipient), but is not the primary object (e.g. him in give him the book).
Subject Complement	eg. I am funny. Subject as its target.
Object complement:	eg. I found him funny. refers to direct object of sentence
Parsing	Taking a sentence and analyzing it
semantic properties of direct object and indirect object	direct object: patient indirect object: beneficiary/recipient
Valency and Complementation Patterns	I - like - her. (ditransitive) → monotransitive She - is crying. (monovalent) → intransitive She - was - happy. (trivalent) → every ditransitive sentence is trivalent She - gave - me - the book. (trivalent) → every complex-transitive sentence: trivalent She - made - him - angry. (trivalent). → complex-transitive

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GiU Topic 2 - Terminology

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	Created by Lisza Neumeier over 7 years ago