7311627
Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Noun phrase | = phrases with a noun as head; may have dependents preceding the head and/or following the head |
| Proper noun | |
| Common Nouns | (table, door, window, chair, ..) plural, genitive |
| Pronouns =? 8 Subcategories | = stand for nouns Personal, Possessive, Reflexive, Reciprocal, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative, Indefinite |
| Personal Pronoun Nominative (subject) case Accusative (object) case anaphoric | - Nominative (subject) case = I, we, you, he, she, it, they - Accusative (object) case = me, us, you, him, her, it, them ANAPHORIC = depends for its interpretation on other expressions in the sentence e.g. The children were playing in the garden, even though /they/ were bored. |
| anaphoric example sentence | 2. Linguistics The use of a linguistic unit, such as a pronoun, to refer to the same person or object as another unit, usually a noun. The use of her to refer to the person named by Anne in the sentence Anne asked Edward to pass her the salt is an example of anaphora. [Late Latin, from Greek, from anapherein, to bring back : ana-, ana- + pherein, to carry; see bher-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] |
| Possessive P. | The book is mine; ours; yours; his; hers; theirs |
| Reflexive P. | reflect some other NP; always –self e.g. herself |
| Reciprocal P. | involves two or more people; e.g. each other, one another |
| Demonstrative | pointing sth to someone; e.g. this, that |
| Interrogative | e.g. who, whom, whose, what, which plus question mark |
| Relative | e.g. who, whom, whose, which, that ! The man who is over there |
| Indefinite | some, any, each, one both, much, all, none few, many, everyone, either everybody, nobody, no one, neither |
| Pre-head dependent | things in noun phrase before the head |
| Central Determiners 7 | Articles Demonstrative determinatives possesive pronouns genitive phrases quantifying determinatives quantifying NPs interrogative/relative determinatives |
| Articles | the, a/an |
| Demonstrative determinatives: | this, these, that, those |
| Possessive pronouns | her, our, etc. |
| Genitive phrases | the captain’s, my family’s, etc. |
| Quantifying determinatives | some, any, no, either, neither, another, each, ... |
| Quantifying NPs | a few, a little |
| Interrogative/relative determinatives | which, what |
| Postdeterminers 2 | Cardinal numerals Quantifiers |
| Cardinal numerals | five, sixteen, etc. |
| Quantifiers what? | A determiner or pronoun indicative of quantity (e.g. all, both). every, little, few, many, several, (a) dozen |
| Definiteness/Specificness | → Most commonly expressed by definite article the and indefinite article a/an → ‘The’ is used in NPs which ‘define’ a referent e.g. the man → ‘A/an’ indicates that following description is not ‘defining’ in this sense |
| Peripheral Dependent apposition? | = non-defining relative clause → Have a passing character, because set off from the rest of the NP by a comma → The car, which Sue used to drive = Peripheral dependent; relative clause → My sister, who has just returned from Paris, is feeling ill → APPOSITION = NP directly followed by another NP e.g. Dr Mike Grey, dentist |
| Relative clause types | -Restrictive (defining) relative clause -Non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clause -Reduced relative clause -Sentential relative clause -Zero relative clause |
| Restrictive (defining) relative clause | e.g. My sister who lives in London is a musician. = Restrictive relative clause → Conclusion: you have two/more sisters, and this one lives in London → RESTRICTIVE = you define what you’re talking about (=defining relative clause) |
| -Non-restrictive (non-defining) relative | My sister, who lives in London, is a musician. = Non-restrictive relative clause → Conclusion: you have one sister and decide to give more information about her → NON-RESTRICTIVE = optional information (=non-defining) |
| Reduced Relative clause | Who is the girls who is dancing with your brother? --> Who is the girl dancing with your brother? Students who are found smoking will be reported to the headmaster. --> Students found smoking.. |
| Sentential relative clause | A sentential (also called connective) relative clause does not refer to a preceding noun; it rather comments on the whole preceding clause or sentence: The streets were empty, which was unusual for this time of day. (The fact that the streets were empty was unusual.) In conversation, a sentential relative clause may also be interjected by another speaker: "Then he goes on to say how much he appreciates all the effort we've put into it." "Which is strange because he never seemed to care much about what we do." |
| Zero relative clause | Relative pronoun can be missed out (if it’s not the subject) e.g. This is the man Ø I met |
| Complex NPs | Complex noun phrases contain three components: pre-modification, head noun and post-modification. The intelligent student of Linguistics wtih long hair vs. He was an intelligent student. He studied Linguistics. He had long hair. |
| Countable (count) Nouns | It is certainly a fine building. (count) → because ‘a fine building’, a concrete thing Australia won more golds than ever. (count) I can’t see a single white hair. (count) |
| Uncountable (mass) nouns | There is still plenty of building going on. (mass) ‘building’ is more abstract → process of building, not the building itself It isn’t really made of gold. (mass) He has blond hair. (mass) |
| Irregular plural exceptions | → Noun lexemes have contrasting singular and plural forms -> inflectional category of numbers applies directly eg. road/roads, mouse/mice Exceptions: 1.) Invariably singular nouns 2.) Invariably plural nouns: - Summation plural - Pluralia tantum -Zero plural |
| Invariably singular nouns | 1.) Invariably singular nouns e.g. ignorance, deafness, equipment, ... + words which look like as if they are singular, but are not: politics, ethics |
| Invariably plural nouns + 3 subcategories | - Summation plural = two-parts-nature of things e.g. pants, trousers, ... - Pluralia tantum = singular and plural differ in meaning e.g. brain-brains, damage-damages, ... -Zero plural = e.g. cattle (plural, but doesn’t look like plural) |
| Collective Nouns | nouns which refer to a collection of items/individuals → Can normally be either singular or plural → Possibility of being grammatically singular but occurring with a plural verb e.g. The staff are discontented. → Tends to differ in British English (prefers plural) and American English (prefers singular) |
| NP structure general Category and Function | |
| NP structure Function | |
| 2 functions of relative elements | |
| table restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clause | |
| using relative elements | |
| VP Modal vs. primary Auxiliary | |
| Primary Aux. vs. Modal Aux. You should have been watching her. Celebrities are often being treated unfairly by the media. Judith might have broken the plate. The same could have been said of you. | |
| Non-Progressive vs. Progressive | |
| 3 effects of the progressive |
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