7769087
Description
Flashcards by Tali Paltin-Eliahu, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Tali Paltin-Eliahu
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Polar/Hydrophilic/Lipophobic | dissolves in water molecules move through membrane without using phospholipids very low permeability Eg: Glucose, ions, charged polar molecules |
| Non Polar/Hydrophobic/lipophilic | Insoluble in water molecules use lipid part of membrane to cross high permeability Eg: CO2, O2, ethanol |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | plasma membrane is a collage of many different proteins embedded in fluid matrix of lipid bilayer |
| Lipid Bilayer | main fabric of membrane (semi permeable) |
| Integral (trans) Proteins | take up the entire width of membrane used for transport; specifically facilitated diffusion Eg: channel and carrier mediated proteins |
| Lipids | organic molecules that are insoluble in water (composed of C and H) Eg: triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids |
| Triglyceride | neutral fats stored in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of cells |
| Steroid | chemical messengers (complex structures) Eg: cholesterol |
| Cholesterol | controls simple diffusion or permeability of selective substances maintains fluidity and stabiltiy of membrane (takes place at its optimum) |
| Micelle | single layer of phospholipids |
| liposome | bilayer (two layers of phospholipid) |
| Phospholipids | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails used for transport (simple diffusion) |
| Glycoproteins/Glycolipids | proteins that have a carbohydrate (glucose) chain attached used in cell to cell recognition |
| Peripheral proteins | loosely attached to other proteins in membrane via hydrogen bond they sit outside the membrane a stimulus causes a cellular response Eg: enzymes, receptors |
| Carrier Protein | integral protein embedded within the plasma membrane through which molecules are moved via active transport |
| Active transport | movement of a molecule against its concentration gradient via a carrier protein ATP is required |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the net, passive movement of molecules across a biological membrane via a channel protein |
| Simple Diffusion | the passive net movement of a molecule down the concentration gradient (from region with a high concentration to region with a low concentration of that molecule) toward a point of equilibrium |
| Internal Environment | the fluid surrounding a cell within a multicellular organism |
| osmosis | the passive net movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from a region with a low solute concentration to a region with high solute concentration |
| Polar molecule | molecule composed of atoms that held together by covalent bonds in which electrons are shared unequally |
| Non-Polar molecules | molecule composed of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds in which electrons are not shared equally |
| Channel Protein | an integral protein embedded in plasma membrane through which molecules too large or too polar to cross the bilayer are able to move by facilitated diffussion |
| amino acid | a simple organic compound containing a carboxyl group, an amino group and a functional (R) group |
| amino acid residue | an amino acid within a polypeptide (having lost water due to the condensation bond that holds amino acids together- peptide bond) |
| centriole | each pair of tiny cylindrical organelles found in animal cell. they are involved in the organisation of spindle fibres during cell division, and in movement of flagella Eg: in sperm tail |
| condensation reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules join together to make a larger molecule and in the process a water molecule is released |
| covalent bond | a type of chemical bond between metals and non-metals in which electron pairs are shared between atoms |
| cytoskeleton | network of filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of a cell which supports the shape of the cell and provides stability to the location of the organelles within it |
| endocytosis | the process by which cells take in matter from their environment by engulfment |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a network of folded channels throughout a eukaryotic cell, composed of biological membrane |
| exocytosis | a process by which contents of a cell are released and to the environment by the fusion of a vacuole or vesicle containing the substance to be released fusing with the plasma membrane |
| gene expression | a term which describes the processes by which information decoded in a gene is used to create a gene product (often a protein) it includes transcription, RNA, modification and translation |
| golgi body | a complex of folded membrane sacs and vesicles within the cells of multicellular eukaryotic organisms responsible for modification and packaging of proteins for export from cell |
| lysosome | membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and other biomacromolecules when lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles |
| mitochondria | plural of mitochondrion |
| mitochondrion | double membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cell. the site of all stages of cellular respiration, except for first stage (glycolysis), and therefore the major site of ATP production in most eukaryotic cells make ATP to ensure bulk and active transport take place |
| nuclear envelope/membrane | double membrane surrounding and enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| nuclear pore | small protein lined channel (pore) through the nuclear membrane which allows the passage of some molecules (such as RNA and ATP) out of and into the nucleus |
| nucleolus | a dense, dark staining structure screen within the nucleus during interphase it is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production |
| organelle | any discrete organised and specialised structure within a cell which has a specific function |
| phagocytosis | endocytosis involving the ingestion of solid substance by engulfment |
| pinocytosis | endocytosis involving the ingestion of a fluid substance by engulfment |
| polypeptide | a polymer consisting of a large number of amino acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part or the whole protein |
| protein | a large organic molecule composed of on or more polypeptide chains |
| ribosome | small cellular structure composed of ribosomal RNA and protein it is the site of mRNA translation and polypeptide synthesis |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | ER which has ribosomes bound to its surface rough ER is involved in transport of proteins throughout the cell |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | ER which does not have ribosomes bound to its surface smooth ER is involved in transport of lipids and other substances throughout the cell |
| transcription | the process by which the information encoded in the template strand of a gene is copied into a complementary molecule of mRNA within the nucleus of a cell |
| translation | the process by which mRNA strand is 'read' according to specific base-pairing rules by tRNA molecules at the ribosome, resulting in the production of the polypeptide that is encoded by the gene from which the mRNA was transcribed |
| vacuole | a vesicle within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell enclosed by a fluid membrane and containing a fluid |
| vesicle | small fluid filled sac |
| hypotonic | net osmosis in (cell bursts) placed in substance with low solute concentration Animal cell: lysed Plant cell: turgid |
| hypertonic | no net osmosis (equilibrium) Animal cell: normal Plant cell: flaccid |
| hypertonic | net osmosis out Placed in substance with high solute concentration Animal cell: shrivelled (crenation) Plant cell: plasmolysed |
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