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LEC144

Anna Hollywood BIOLOGY DEGREE LEVEL English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1Is rate of population growth increasing or decreasing over time?Decreasing
  2. 2What food shortage caused many deaths in Ireland?The Irish Potato Famine
  3. 3Has the agricultural production per unit area increased or decreased?Increased
  4. 4What are the 'Three Pillars of Yield Improvement'?Plant breeding, agronomics and biotechnology
  5. 5What does the intensification of agriculture and deforestation/desertification result in a loss in?Biodiversity
  6. 6Give an example of a depleted freshwater source due to water being used for irrigationThe Aral Sea
  7. 7Give some examples of local pollutionHeavy metals (e.g. lead); radioisotopes; salinity; increased nutrients; acidification
  8. 8Give some examples of continental pollutionAcidic gases & acid rain; tropospheric ozone
  9. 9Give some examples of global pollutionPersistent organics; ozone depleting gases; greenhouse gases
  10. 10What are the 5 main greenhouse gases and what are their sources?Carbon dioxide (fossil fuels & deforestation); methane (biomass burning, fossil fuels & agriculture); CFCs (refrigerants); tropospheric ozone (hydrocarbons & biomass burning); nitrous oxide (agriculture)
  11. 11What are their relative contributions to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect?Carbon dioxide - 56%
    Methane - 16%
    CFCs - 11%
    Tropospheric ozone - 12%
    Nitrous oxide - 5%
  12. 12How has carbon dioxide concentration changed from pre-industrial levels and what is it projected to be by the end of this century?Pre-industrial concentration = ~270ppm
    May exceed 700ppm by the end of this century
  13. 13How much has the mean global temperature risen by?0.75oC
  14. 14What are the prediction of increases in temperature this century?1.5 - 6oC
  15. 15Migration of ecosystems and organisms may result in increased .......... incidenceDisease
  16. 16What agreement limited HFCs usage?The Kigali Agreement
  17. 17For each 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone there is a .......% increase in UV-B radiation reaching the biosphere2
  18. 18What are the wavelength ranges of UV-A, UV-B and UV-C? What are they absorbed by?UV-C = 200-280 nm (all removed by O3 & O2)
    UV-B = 280-315 nm (reduced by O3 - shorter wavelengths)
    UV-A = 315-400 nm (not absorbed by O3)
  19. 19Stratospheric O3 depletion leads to increased ...... Upper tropospheric O3 increase traps ...... Mid-level tropospheric O3 breaks down ...... Ground-level O3 affects ..... / makes .......UV-B; heat; pollutants; plants; smog
  20. 20In what decade did atmospheric ozone levels decline substantially over the Antarctic?1980s
  21. 21What protocol successfully limited CFCs? What year was this put in place?The Montreal Protocol (1989)
  22. 22By what year is ozone expected to return to pre-1980s levels?2050
  23. 23Is ozone naturally found in the troposphere?No
  24. 24How is ozone produced in the troposphere? What sort of pollutant is it?It is a secondary pollutant produced by the combined action of NOx, hydrocarbons (from car exhausts) and UV radiation
  25. 25How does ozone cause a reduction in crop yield?Causes reduced photosynthesis, stomatal closure, reduced root growth, reduced leaf growth and synthesis of anti-oxidants
  26. 26What has been put into place in new cars that is substantially reducing emissions of hydrocarbons that lead to ozone production in the troposphere?Catalytic converters
  27. 27What acidic gases contribute to acid rain?Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
  28. 28What disease has acid rain been linked to?Lung disease (also can cause bronchitis and may aggravate asthma)
  29. 29What sort of conditions do we need to put crop yields under to predict the effects of future climates on these crops?Increase atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations; increase atmospheric temperatures; adjust rainfall accordingly
  30. 30Elevated carbon dioxide has less of an impact when water is .........Scarce
  31. 31Drought has more of an impact when carbon dioxide levels are .........Elevated
  32. 32Increased temperature effect is .......... under elevated carbon dioxide concentrationsGreater
  33. 33What is the disadvantage of testing the conditions in this way?Strictly controlled environments; limited temperature fluctuations; timing of irrigation may not simulate natural rainfall; limited pot size; some components of environmental change not considered; plants not grown until yield
  34. 34Is there a correlation between rainfall, light intensity and crop yields in the U.S according to data compiled from 1982-1998?No
  35. 35What do maize and soybean yields decrease with however?Increased temperature
  36. 36Looking at modeled data which out of maize, rice, wheat and soy is predicted to have the greatest global loss of crop yields in the future?Wheat
  37. 37What does this modeled data not take into account however?Expansion of cropping areas into cooler climates; use of new varieties; farmer changes in cropping practice (e.g. earlier planting date); rainfall intensity; carbon dioxide fertilising effects
  38. 38What are the general steps involved in plant breeding?Assemble variability in traits of interest; evaluate & select potential parents for crossing; create pure lines (homozygous) by backcrossing; hybridise (cross the parents); evaluate the progeny (selection); carry on this selection and breeding process
  39. 39What are some limitations with selective breeding?Time consuming; labour intensive; difficult to modify single traits
  40. 40Give some examples of how plant breeding has created new strains of plantsThe wild mustard plant has been bred to create kale (enlarged leaves), broccoli (suppress flower development), brussel sprouts (enhance lateral development), cabbage (suppress internode length), cauliflower (sterile flowers) & kohlrabi (enhance stem development)
  41. 41What sort of things are plants being bred to be tolerant to?Drought, high temperature, pests, disease etc.
  42. 42What changes are needed to make a plant tolerant to drought?Increase photosynthesis at limiting soil water contents; decrease transpiration; complete life cycle quickly
  43. 43What do we need to consider with these transgenic drought tolerant plants?Would they have been productive under well-watered conditions?
  44. 44Yield = .... x .... x .... (Passioura Identity)Transpiration; WUE; HI
  45. 45What is this equation about?Selecting for increased water-limited crop yields
  46. 46What is WUE?Increase Water Use Efficiency = dry matter/transpiration
  47. 47What is HI?Increase Harvest Index = grain yield or fruit weight/dry matter
  48. 48What changes are there to the biomass, fruit weight mass and fruit (sugar) of the F1 progeny created when a domestic tomato is crossed with a drought-tolerant wild species? What do these changes affect?Greater biomass so greater transpiration; lower fruit weight mass so lower harvest index; higher fruit (sugar) so better quality/taste
  49. 49What is rice production vulnerable to? What developmental stage is the most vulnerable? Why is this such an issue?High temperatures; the flowering stage; rice is the staple food of 3.5 billion people
  50. 50How are breeders using selective breeding to help overcome this issue?Breeders searching for rice flowers that open in the early morning when the temperatures are the lowest (as there is considerable variation in when rice plants open their flowers - 1-2.5 hours per day)
  51. 51What plant disease seems to be appearing earlier every year, possibly due to climate change?Phytophthora infestans (cause of potato blight)
  52. 52What are the stages of selective breeding shortened to?Breed, seed, select, repeat
  53. 53How long roughly does breeding for blight resistance take?3 years (so is very time-consuming)
  54. 54How much area is transgenic crops taking up? How much money has been spent on transgenic crop seed industry in the U.S?175 million hectares; $16,000 million
  55. 55What are the differences between how GM technology has been taken up in Europe compared to the US?There is no commercially grown GM crops and declining number of field trials in Europe; in USA almost complete adoption for major arable crops
  56. 56What 2 types of resistance are popular among US GM crops? What is it called if both of these resistance traits are put in the same crop?Herbicide tolerance and insect tolerance; stacked traits
  57. 57What promoter is associated with the glyphosate-resistant crops (Monsanto's 'Roundup Ready' crops that are herbicide resistant) and the Bt (insect resistant crops)?35S promoter
  58. 58What genes does the 35S promoter cause the transcription of in Bt crops?Cry genes which produce these cry proteins
  59. 59What do these cry proteins do if ingested by an insect?They liberate toxins in alkaline insect gut causing the gut cells to be killed
  60. 60What are some advantages of genetic modification of crops?Relatively fast; allows us to selectively modify specific genes/single traits
  61. 61What are some disadvantages of genetic modification of crops?Human health issues; effects on non-terget organisms; transgene escape
  62. 62What are the possible human health issues associated with GM crops?Inadvertent transfer of allergens (not a GM-specific problem) - however, there is 'no credible evidence that GM plants...have adverse effects on human health'
  63. 63In fact, what human health benefits could GM crops cause?Decreased human consumption of fungal toxins and decreased insecticide use means less chance of farmers (especially in developing countries) dying from acute poisoning and having long-term effects
  64. 64What effects could GM crops have on non-target organisms?Could cause selection for herbicide-resistance in weed populations
  65. 65Elevated carbon dioxide concentration may ..... weed herbicide toleranceIncrease
  66. 66What effect is the 'toxic pollen' from Bt maize having on non-target organisms?Killing larvae of monarch butterfly - however, 'other floral parts, not the pollen, that contained Bt toxin in high concentrations'
  67. 67How may the opposite be true?Not all Bt maize lines produce this toxic pollen and decreased insecticide use could mean less effect on monarch populations
  68. 68What are the 2 types of gene expression shown by GM crops?Constitutive expression and tissue specific expression
  69. 69What promoter controls constitutive expression?The cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S promoter)
  70. 70What promoter controls tissue specific expression?PEP Carboxylase promoter
  71. 71What sort of transformation can this tissue specific expression lead to and what can this prevent?Chloroplast transformation to prevent transfer of GM pollen
  72. 72What is transgene escape? What can this occur in?Escape of the crop into the wild; crop to weed hybridization (needs to be a related species)
  73. 73What gene does the viral 35S promoter cause the transcription of in blight resistant potato crops?Rpi-mcq
  74. 74Evolution of the pathogen 'Phytopthora infestans' means that ........ blight resistance genes are required since no ....... gene is ............Multiple; single; durable
  75. 75What type of environments did cold tolerant maize show increased yield in?Droughted environments
  76. 76Why does cold tolerant maize show increased yield in droughted environments?Due to an increased Harvest Index (grain yield/dry matter)
  77. 77What is the role of agronomy?To decrease the large gap between what farmers achieve and what is possible under optimal conditions
  78. 78Many of the most ........ countries already with ......-........... yields since high resource inputsPopulous; near; maximal
  79. 79What are the 2 main management factors?The ability to irrigate and supply nitrogen fertilizer
  80. 80What do these management factors limit?A farmer's capacity to close the yield gap
  81. 81Give some examples of agronomy? How can these help?Seedbed prep (promotes crop establishment); planting date (for optimal conditions); crop rotation ('break crop' benefits); crop protection (control of pests/disease); nutrient management; irrigation (for transpiration); microbial innoculants (stimulate growth); spray programmes (cope with abiotic stress)
  82. 82What is ratio of carbon dioxide emissions to the amount of which it acts as a carbon sink for agriculture?5:1
  83. 83How much of agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions does livestock production account for?Two thirds
  84. 84How much methane does one Western cattle emit per year? How does this compare to other organisms?120kg; very high compared to other organisms (sheep make 8kg and humans 0.12kg)
  85. 85How can we change the way we irrigate in order to cut methane emissions from rice paddies?By using alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation to reduce water usage by 30%
  86. 86What else do we have to consider when applying this data to the real world?Will farmers actually adopt a new agronomic technique?
  87. 87Irrigation is even important in relatively wet countries like the UK. How much yield losses in the UK wheat crops are due to drought/soil drying?1-3 tonnes per hectare
  88. 88How do plants respond to dry soil?Stomatal closure
  89. 89What is the percentage reduction in irrigation when comparing full irrigation to partial rootzone drying?40% reduction
  90. 90What benefits does partial root drying also have on grape fruit quality?Increases the grape fruit quality for wine production by increasing the acidity, colour and phenolics
  91. 91Why does partial rootzone drying have all these benefits?Decreased evaporation from the soil (as smaller wetted area); changes in chemical signals moving from roots to shoots; drying/re-wetting increased mineralisation of soil organic matter
  92. 92What chemical can be used to overcome heat stress in plants?1-MCP (anti-ethylene)
  93. 93What does Ethylbloc do and what does SmartFresh do?Ethylbloc delays flower senescence and SmartFresh blocks fruit ripening
  94. 94What information can be used to predict late blight?Meteorological information
  95. 95What limits the range of sprays available/dose rates/spray interval of chemical options for spraying late potato blight?Legislation (and European trend is for fewer chemicals/tighter legislation)
  96. 96How do we perturb the carbon cycle?Extraction and burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
  97. 97How much has the difference between the carbon dioxide concentrations in the outside air and the leaf air spaces changed from the mid 20th century to the mid 21st century?From 90ppm to 150ppm
  98. 98What does this increased carbon dioxide concentration gradient mean?Increased carbon uptake --> increased carbon dioxide concentration in the leaf --> increased rate of photosynthesis
  99. 99Increasing the CO2 concentration results in a progressive increase in the rate of photosynthesis in which type of plants?C3 plants - CO2 is initially as sugars containing 3 carbons
  100. 100What enzyme do most plants use to fix CO2?Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBISCO)
  101. 101What is the flowchart associated with RUBISCO for photosynthesis?Carboxylase --> phosphoglycerate --> sugars
  102. 102What is the flowchart associated with RUBISCO for photorespiration?Oxygenase --> phosphoglycolate --> CO2
  103. 103In C3 plants, photorespiration is an energetically ........... processWasteful
  104. 104Why is this?Uses ATP; does not produce sugars; results in a loss of fixed carbon as CO2; increasing CO2 concentration in the leaf
  105. 105How much has the difference between the carbon dioxide concentrations in the outside air and the leaf air spaces changed from a C3 plant carrying out low photorespiration to a plant carrying out high photorespiration?160ppm to 100ppm
  106. 106What does this increased carbon dioxide concentration in the leaf mean?Decreased carbon concentration gradient; decreased CO2 uptake; decreased rate of photosynthesis
  107. 107So how does a C3 plant increase the amount of carbon fixed as C3 sugars?Uses RUBISCO to increase carboxylase activity (increase photosynthesis) and inhibit oxygenase activity (reduce photorespiration)
  108. 108What happens in the mesophyll in C4 plants that contributes to photosynthesis?Carbon dioxide is fixed by phospho-enol-pyruvate (PEP) carboxylase as C4 acids (malate/aspartate)
  109. 109What happens to these C4 acids and where does this next stage of C4 photosynthesis take place?C4 acids broken down to CO2 in the bundle sheath causing a high carbon dioxide concentration (CO2 fixed by RUBISCO)
  110. 110High carbon dioxide in C4 plants so less ........ activity by RUBISCOOxygenase
  111. 111What is the difference between how the efficiency of RUBISCO changes under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels between C3 and C4 plants?In C3 plants the efficiency of RUBISCO is enhanced but due to the high CO2 concentration in C4 plants there is little/no increase in the efficiency of RUBISCO (i.e. no decrease in photorespiration)
  112. 112Increasing CO2 concentration results in a ....... increase in the rate of photosynthesis in C4 plants than C3 plantsSmaller
  113. 113Increase temperature leads to an ...... in photosynthesis so leads to an ...... in CO2Increase; increase
  114. 114Are temperature related increases in photosynthesis greater in C3 or C4 plants?C4 plants
  115. 115What has a greater increase with increased temperature, carboxylase activity or oxygenase activity?Oxygenase (so photorespiration increases which causes a loss of fixed carbon)
  116. 116How does increased CO2 concentration affect the stomata?Results in stomatal closure
  117. 117What does this stomatal closure mean for photosynthesis?No increase in photosynthesis and there is decreased water loss via transpiration
  118. 118What does this decreased water loss whilst maintaining photosynthesis increase?Water Use Efficiency
  119. 119What is the percentage increase of WUE under elevated CO2 typically?20-25%
  120. 120So, plants grown at elevated CO2 can have an increased ability to cope with ...........Drought
  121. 121When was there a significant decrease in the ozone above the UK?Spring 2015
  122. 122For each 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone there is a .....% increase in UV-B radiation reaching the biosphere2
  123. 123What wavelength range is visible light? What is this visible light called for humans?400-700 nm; Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)
  124. 124Is UV-B a small or larger part of environmental UV? Does it have a long or a short wavelength?Small part (less than 5%); short wavelength however so is highly energetic
  125. 125UV-B is the only part of the UV spectrum to be affected by ........... .......... depletionStratospheric ozone
  126. 126What is the wavelength range of UV-B?280-320 nm
  127. 127Some individuals are very prone to UV-B induced ........ ...........; these individuals are unable to repair ......... ..........Skin cancers; DNA damage
  128. 128What is UV-B radiation strongly absorbed by?Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
  129. 129Why is the DNA in plants not as affected as human DNA by UV-B?DNA damage does occur, but it is repaired very quickly
  130. 130What else is UV-B strongly absorbed by?Amino acids (phenylamine, tyrosine), proteins (including photosynthetic proteins) and plant hormones (IAA, gibberellins)
  131. 131Does UV-B inhibit photosynthesis in the field?No (but increased UV-B still reduces growth)
  132. 132Are the changes in growth due to ozone depletion likely to be small or large?Small (given implementation of the Montreal Protocol)
  133. 133How do plants adapt to increased UV-B?By accumulating UV absorbing pigments
  134. 134What does this accumulation involve the increased synthesis of?Phenolic compounds
  135. 135What are these phenolic compounds also vital parts of?A plants defenses against pests and diseases
  136. 136Understanding the impacts of ozone depletion on ecosystems requires an understanding of the ......... of a wide range of organisms, ........ and interactionsResponses; processes
  137. 137What other organism does UV-B has direct effects on?Decomposer fungi (affects abundance of different species of decomposers)
  138. 138What benefit does UV-B have on plant health?It has been proven to reduce plant disease
  139. 139The higher the UV-B the ....... herbivore damage; this occurs within the ...... range i.e. not just when UV-B is increased due to ......... depletionLess; ambient; ozone
  140. 140How does the latitude affect the way in which UV interacts with ecosystems?The effects seen by UV radiation likely to be most pronounced in high latitude ecosystems
  141. 141Define pollutantA pollutant is a chemical that is in the wrong place at the wrong concentration and that has the potential to cause damage to the environment
  142. 142What are air pollutants?Chemicals that are emitted into the atmosphere which adversely affect physical and biological systems
  143. 143What are the 2 types of air pollutants?Particulate air pollutants and gaseous air pollutants
  144. 144What are primary pollutants? Give 2 examples of primary pollutantsChemicals that are emitted directly into the atmosphere; sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
  145. 145What are secondary pollutants? Give an example of a secondary pollutantChemicals that are formed by the reactions in the atmosphere between primary pollutants and other agents (e.g. light); ozone
  146. 146What are the possible origins of natural emissions of gaseous pollutants?Volcanoes and swamps
  147. 147What are the possible origins of anthropogenic/man-made emissions of gaseous pollutants?Domestic and industrial sources
  148. 148What is the biggest contributor of sulphur dioxide? What are the top 2 contributors of oxides of nitrogen?SO2 - power & heat
    Oxides of nitrogen - power & heat and transport
  149. 149What are the oxides of nitrogen?N2O (nitrous oxide)
    NO (nitrogen monoxide) } NOx
    NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) } NOx
  150. 150What are the 2 physiological effects of the dry deposition of SO2 and oxides of nitrogen?Inhibition of photosynthesis and the inhibition of growth
  151. 151How is photosynthesis inhibited?Disruption of hydrogen ion gradient across the thylakoid membranes and due to the activity of pH-sensitive Calvin cycle enzymes being affected (RUBISCO has a pH optima of 9.0)
  152. 152How much (percent wise) do sulfur dioxide and NOx inhibit growth?SO2: 7.5-25%
    NOx: up to 55%
  153. 153What is the wet deposition of SO2 and oxides of nitrogen in the form of?Acid rain
  154. 154How does acid rain affect the soils?Increases the acidity and causes a loss of fertility
  155. 155How does acid rain affect the plants?Weathering of the cuticles; reduced growth; leaching of cations from the leaves; seed germination, early seedling growth, flowering/seed formation
  156. 156As the soil acidity increases what happens to the plant uptake of nutrients and what happens to the loss of the nutrients from the soils?Plant uptake of nutrients decreases and the loss of nutrients from soils increases (with increasing soil acidity)
  157. 157NO2 + light --> ...... + .......NO; O
  158. 158O + O2 ---> ....O3
  159. 159What are symptoms of ozone damage on plants?Water-soaked appearance; chlorotic flecking; stipple of dead or pigmented cells; growth suppression, early abscission
  160. 160What biomolecules does the ozone cause oxidative damage to?Membrane lipids, proteins and DNA
  161. 161Define global warmingAn average increase in the Earth's
    temperature that in turn causes
    changes in climate
  162. 162Define the greenhouse effectTrapping of infrared radiation,
    produced when solar radiation is
    absorbed and then partially re-emitted,
    by the Earth's atmosphere
  163. 163The Green House effect is a natural process without which the Earth’s temperature would be ~.......C.-18
  164. 164What are the relative contributions to global warming of CO2, N2O and O3?CO2 - 77%
    N2O - 8%
    O3 - 8%
  165. 165Put them in order from lowest warming potential to the highest warming potentialCO2 (1), N2O (310), O3 (2000)
  166. 166Why is carbon dioxide the biggest contributor to global warming when it has the lowest warming potential?It is in the greatest abundance/concentration
  167. 167What are the average percentage losses in yield due to disease, pests and weeds?Disease - 4%
    Pests - 3%
    Weeds - 3%
  168. 168Give an example of a plant virus diseaseCucumber mosaic
  169. 169Give an example of a plant bacterial diseaseCrown gall; soft rots
  170. 170Give an example of a plant fungal diseasePotato blight; Southern leaf blight; Dutch Elm disease
  171. 171Give 2 examples of problems caused by fungi in wild plantsAnther smuts and bluebell rusts
  172. 172What sort of fungi is Dutch Elm disease caused by? What sort of disease is it?An asomycete fungi; a vascular wilt disease
  173. 173What is it spread by and what sort of effect has it had on the UK landscape?Spread by bark beetles and transformed the UK landscape since the 1960s
  174. 174What disease have many wild plants been affected by recently?Ash dieback
  175. 175What process do pests carry out that damage plants?Herbivory
  176. 176Give 2 examples of invertebrates that act as plant pests but to different parts of the plantMites (attack the upper parts of the plant) and nematodes (attack the roots)
  177. 177What are the 2 main feeding modes of invertebrates?Chewers and sap suckers
  178. 178....... limits the maximum size of a population (or its biomass) in a given habitatCompetition
  179. 179Many plants are .......... competitors. Competition may be ...... but it is ........Aggressive; slow; intense
  180. 180How do competition, pathogens and pests affect plant growth?By interfering with host plant's ability to acquire and utilize essential resources such as light, water, carbon dioxide and nutrients
  181. 181What are often direct linear functions of cumulative light interception?Plant growth and crop yield
  182. 182What are some plant adaptations conferring strong competitive ability?Taller plants, bigger plants and faster growing plants
  183. 183What are the 2 ways in which pests and pathogens reduce crop yield?By reducing light interception by reducing leaf area or by reducing the efficiency with which light is utilized/photosynthesis
  184. 184How can plants acclimate to the reduced ability to intercept light reducing photosynthate by competition, disease and herbivory?Compensate for the loss of photosynthate by increasing the amount of photosynthesis and rapidly regrowing new leaf tissue; reduce the probability and/or severity of future attack
  185. 185What are the 2 ways in which a plant can adapt to these loss in photosynthate?By being tolerant (e.g. always accumulate a lot of biomass as stored reserves that can be mobilised to support rapid re-growth after damage) or resistant (reduce the severity of herbivory/infection)
  186. 186What are the 2 forms of plant resistance?Morphological and chemical resistance
  187. 187How can a plant be morphologically resistant?Spines & thorns or 'toughness' & physical barriers e.g. layers in the cell wall that prevent the penetration of fungal cells
  188. 188Define consumersOrganisms that feed on plants or on other organisms
  189. 189Define phenologyThe study of the timing of development in plants and animals
  190. 190What are some examples of development stages in plants?Bud burst; flowering; leaf fall
  191. 191What are some examples of development stages in animals?Emergence from hibernation; reproduction; migration
  192. 192Are warm-blooded or cold-blooded animals more likely to be affected by changes in temperature?Cold-blooded animals (response to climate change in warm-blooded animals more likely to be indirect via food or wider ecosystem effects)
  193. 193Linear relationships between temperature and ...... provide a simple perspective. No development below .....°C. Above 10°C each ....°C increase in temperature produces a constant increase in developmentGrowth; 10; 5
  194. 194What are the predicted effects of higher temperatures and more generations per year on development?Higher temperatures --> development starts earlier in spring (and/or doesn't stop over-winter)
    More generations per year --> greater population build-up
  195. 195What is predicted to happen to the species which are currently constrained by threshold temperatures (as the temperatures increase)?May move North or beyond favoured habitats
  196. 196In the UK amphibians are spawning ........, by around .... days over the last 20 yearsEarlier; 10
  197. 197What is happening to the range at which some insects are being found?Many insects in the Northern hemisphere have extended their range northwards and some extending their range to higher altitudes and disappearing at lower elevations in some cases
  198. 198What is happening to the range at which some UK birds are being found and their breeding times?Extending their range northward (~6 miles a decade) and are breeding earlier (~1 week in 20 years)
  199. 199What percentage increase in malaria is a 1 degree temperature in Rwanda associated with?A 337% increase in malaria
  200. 200How many additional cases of malaria per year worldwide do models predict will occur if the global temperatures increased by 3 degrees?50-80 million (malaria could return as a problem in Europe)

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BIOLOGY DEGREE LEVEL (LEC144) Flashcards on LEC144, created by Anna Hollywood on 07/03/2017.
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