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Flashcards

Clin Lab - Electrolytes

Alison Salvaggio Veterinary Technology Spring 2017 Semester English 68 cards

Cards in this deck (68)

  1. 1serum or plasma electrolytes represents measurement of electrolytes in...ECF
  2. 2role of aldosteronereleased from adrenal gland by stimulation of angiotensin II
    tells kidneys to retain Na and H2O, and excrete K in urine
  3. 3hypoadrenocorticism causes...Na elimination, K retention
  4. 4principal cation in ECFNa
  5. 5Na levels controlled by these two mechanisms:regulation of blood volume
    regulation of plasma osmolality
  6. 6Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)when blood volume increases, Na absorption and excretion in kidneys decreases due to this peptide
  7. 7osmolality goes up when...dehydrated
  8. 8ADH, AKA Vasopressin causes...more concentrated urine
  9. 9diabetes insipidusimbalance of water in body
    kidneys unable to conserve water
    ADH not being released
  10. 10CENTRAL diabetes insipidusinadequate release or production of ADH
  11. 11Nephrogenic diabetes insipidusinhibition of ADH release at level of renal tubules
    can also occur with gram neg infections
  12. 12hyposthenuricexcessive loss of H2O in kidneys, ADH problem
    seen with hypernatremia
  13. 13iatrogeniccaused by malpractice in the hospital
  14. 14hypovolemiadecreased blood volume of circulating blood in body
  15. 15principal cation of ICFPotassium (K+)
  16. 16K levels regulated by these two major processes:distribution between ICF - ECF
    Renal excretion
  17. 17hyperkalemia causes aldosterone levels to...rise (increases the excretion of K)
  18. 18hyperkalemia treatmentsgoals: inc. K uptake, inc. K excretion, protect the heart
    treatment:
    - insulin + dextrose
    - sodium bicarb supplement
    - calcium supplement
    - fluid therapy
  19. 19hypokalemia clinical signs seen with cats:ventroflexion of neck
    forelimb hypermetria
    broad based hind limb stance
  20. 20hypokalemia and hyperkalemia both cause...muscle weakness
  21. 21you would see cardiac rhythm disturbances with which electrolyte abnormality?hyperkalemia
  22. 22Principal anion in ECFChloride
  23. 23functions of chloride?osmolality (fluid compartment balance)
    acid/base balance
  24. 24Chloride acts independently of Na in....acid/base disturbances
  25. 25Chloride increases as pH..decreases
  26. 26Using Na to correct Cl concentration:(Normal Na/Measured Na) * measured Na = corrected Cl
  27. 27hyperchloremia has a tendency towards ________ and hypochloremia has a tendency towards _________acidosis
    alkalosis
  28. 28Calcium is highly regulated by these 3 hormones:Calcitriol/Vitamin D
    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
    Calcitonin
  29. 29Calcium exists in the blood in these 3 forms:ionized (approx 50%; biologically active form)
    Protein Bound (approx 40%; Albumin)
    Chelated (approx 10%, complexed with anions)
  30. 30Major anion ICFPhosphorous
  31. 31Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)released in response to LOW Ca levels in blood
    1. Causes Ca and PO release from bone
    2. Kidneys dec Ca excretion, inc PO excretion
    3. vit D activated in kidneys at presence of PTH, vit D-Calcitrol, enahnces absoprtion of Ca in intestines
  32. 32NET EFFECT: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)Inc blood Calcium levels
    Dec blood Phosphorous levels
  33. 33Vitamin D (Calcitrol)released by kidneys in presence of PTH
    1. pre vit D3 in skin activated by UV light to vit D3
    2. Vit D3 converted to Calcifediol in liver
    3. Calcifediol travels to kidneys where it is converted to Calcitriol at PTH presence
  34. 34NET EFFECT: Vitamin D (Calcitrol)inc blood Ca levels and Phosphorous levels
  35. 35Calcitriol hormonal actions:inc Ca absorption in gut
    inc Ca re-absorption in kidney
    inc bone mineralisation
  36. 36Calcitonin is released in the...thyroid gland
  37. 37Calcitoninreleased in response to high blood Ca levels by thyroid gland
    1. stimulates bone to absorb more Ca and Phos, removing it from circulation
    2. inhibits renal re-absorption of Ca and Phos
  38. 38NET EFFECT: Calcitonindec blood Ca and blood Phos levels
  39. 39when ionized Ca levels are elevated:there is a problem with hormonal Ca regulation
  40. 40when ionized Ca levels are normal but total Ca levels are elevated:inc Ca binding molecules (anions or proteins)
  41. 41PTHrp (related peptides)protein that mimics PTH, but is not released from the parathyroid gland
    causes "pseudohyperparathyroidism"
  42. 42pseudohyperparathyroidisminc PTHrp
    inc Ca mobilization from bone or absorption in intestines
    - lymphoma
    - anal sac adenocarcinoma
  43. 43GOSH DARNIT (Hypercalcemia Causes)Granulomatous inflammation
    Osteolytic Lesions
    Spurious results (False)
    Hyperparathyroidism
    D hypervitaminosis
    Addison's disease
    Renal disease (chronic)
    Neoplasia
    Idiopathic
    Temperature (hypothermia causes inc Ca in blood)
  44. 44imbalances such as hypomagnesemia and hypophosphotemia can also cause..hypocalcemia
  45. 45MILD PRAISE (Hypocalcemia Causes)Magnesium deficiency
    Injury to tissues (could be due to Ca deposition into tissues)
    Lactation/pregnancy
    Pancreatitis (also causes Ca deposition into tissues)
    Renal disease
    Albumin deficiency
    Intake from GI decreased
    Sepsis
    Ethylene Glycol
  46. 46pseudohyperparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism have what affect on Phosphorous levels?they cause Hypophosphatemia due to increase urinary Phos excretion
  47. 47Fanconi's syndrome causes...decreased renal absorption of Phosphorous
  48. 48serum Mg contains ___ percent of total body Mg1%
  49. 49Mg exists in these 3 forms:free ionized (65%)
    protein bound (30%)
    complexed with anions
  50. 50is hypermagnesemia more clinically significant? or is hypomagnesemia?hypomagnesemia is more clinically significant then hypermagnesemia
  51. 51grass tetany is one of the main causes for which electrolyte abnormality?hypomagnesemia
  52. 52hypokalemia and hypocalcemia often pair with...hypomagnesemia
  53. 53anion gapdifference between total # cation and total # anion
  54. 54blood ph must be maintained btw:7.35-7.45
  55. 55Cl- moves opposite to...HCO3-
  56. 56acidemiaph low
  57. 57alkalemiaph above normal
  58. 58acidosisphysiological process causing acidemia
  59. 59alkalosisphysiological process causing alkalemia
  60. 60blood gas analysistest that assesses acid/base status and respiratory status
    can be performed on arterial or venous blood
  61. 61PO2 can only be measured in...arterial blood
  62. 62PCO2, PHCO3- and pH can all be measured in both...arterial and venous blood
  63. 63HCO3- is maintained by...conservation and production in renal tubules
    (calculated by ph and PCO2)
  64. 64acidemia with low HCO3metabolic acidosis
    (resp. compensation is low CO2)
  65. 65alkalemia with high HCO3metabolic alkalosis
    (resp. compensation high CO2)
  66. 66acidemia with high PCO2respiratory acidosis
    (metabolic compensation high HCO3)
  67. 67alkalemia with low PCO2Respiratory alkalosis
    (metabolic compensation low HCO3)
  68. 68—

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Veterinary Technology Spring 2017 Semester Flashcards on Clin Lab - Electrolytes, created by Alison Salvaggio on 16/03/2017.
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