8482343
Description
Flashcards by Lucinda Adams, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lucinda Adams
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| where does air travel? | 1. nose 2.larynx 3.trachea 4.bronchi 5.bronchioles 6.alveoli |
| what is the process where there is an exchange of gases between lungs and blood and who are responsible for this? | - Alveoli are responsible -called diffusion -Movement of gas molecules from high partial pressure to low partial pressure |
| what is gaseous exchange? | the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and co2 from the blood into air |
| what makes alveoli so good at gaseous exchange | -walls very thin(short diffusion pathway) -extensive capillary network surronds alveoli so have excellent blood supply -huge surface area (greater uptake of oxygen) |
| what muscles are used during inspiration | rest: diaphragm and external intercostals Exercise: diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectorals major ribcage moves up and out, diaphragm contracts and flattens |
| what muscles are used during expiration | rest: diaphragm and external intercostals relax Exercise: internal intercostals and abdominals ribcage falls, diaphragm relaxes and rises to dome-shaped position |
| what is tidal volume | the volume of air breathed in or out per breath increases during exercise |
| what is minute ventilation | is air breathed in and out per minute number of breaths(per min)x tidal volume=minute ventilation large increase during exercise |
| what is inspiratory reserve volume | volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath (breasting in more than tidal volume) decreases in exercise |
| what is expiratory reserve volume | volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath (expelling more air than tidal volume) slight decrease during exercise |
| what is residual volume | the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration remains the same during exercise |
| what is a spirometer trace | |
| gaseous exchange | aims: -getting oxygen in air into lungs so it can diffuse into blood and transported to the cells of body -removal of co2 from blood |
| what is concentration/diffusion gradient | difference in partial pressure |
| gaseous exchange at alveoli | -partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is higher than that in the capillary blood vessels -oxygen will diffuse from alveoli into blood until pressure is equal on both |
| gaseous exchange at the muscles | -partial pressure of oxygen lower at tissues than in blood so diffuses in -also partial pressure of co2 is higher in muscles than in blood so diffuses out |
| neural and chemical regulation of pulmonary ventilation | -neural control involves the brain and nervous system -chemical control involved blood acidity -they work together to regulate breathing -when blood acidity is high brain is informed and sends impulses through nervous system to increase breathing |
| what two systems are used to control pulmonary ventilation (breathing) though the the nervous system | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| what does the sympathetic nervous system do? | -prepares body for exercise -increase breathing rate |
| what does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | -comes down from exercise -slows down breathing |
| what is the respiratory centre | -located in medulla oblongata -controls the rate and depth of breathing |
| what happens when the respiratory centre detects and increase in carbon dioxide | the increased concentration of co2 in blood stimulates the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate |
| what are the two main areas in the respiratory centre? | 1. inspiratory centre is responsible for inspiration and expiration 2. expiatory centre stimulates the expiratory muscles doing exercise |
| inspiratory centre | -sends out nerve impulses via phrenic nerve to inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals) causing them to contract , after two seconds passive expiration occurs |
| what do chemoreceptors do? | -detects blood acidity (increases due to plasma concentration of co2 and latic acid production) -they send impulses to inspiratory centre to increase ventilation (by recruiting the extra muscles) until blood acidity has returned to normal |
| what do proprioceptors do? | -they are sensory receptors located in joints and muscles -provide feedback to respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise (detect movement) |
| what do baroreceptors do? | -detect blood pressure -decrease means feedback to respiratory centre results in an increase in breathing rate |
| what affects does smoking have | -causes irritation of trachea and bronchi - reduces lung function -damages cells lining trachea, bronchi and bronchioles -damages alveoli walls break down and join together forming large air spaces, reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange (increase risk of COPD) |
| What does smoking do to blood? | -affects oxygen transport as carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin. -reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood -increasing breathlessness |
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