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Flashcards

Immigration to Britain

M E English 100 cards

Cards in this deck (100)

  1. 1How many immigrants were lying in Britain by 1945? Who were they?5 types:
    > American GI's (general issues)
    > African American GI's
    > Commonwealth troops
    >Prisoners of war (POW)
    > Poles
  2. 2When did American GI's migrate to Britain, and how many were there?From 1942, 3 million American soldiers arrived in Britain
  3. 3Where did the American GI's mostly stay?In the country sides.
  4. 4Describe the character of the American GI'sFriendly and open people.
    Got on well with locals.
    Well paid and confident
    British liked Black soldiers more than white because white soldiers were more confident (especially around women)
  5. 5What religion was mostly followed in Britain up to 1939?Christian Protestant. Small minority of other groups
  6. 6Was there a segregation between White and Black Americans when they came to Britain? Describe how there was a segregation.Yes. There was still separate mall days and cinema days etc for the Americans. White women served white soldiers and black women served black soldiers.
  7. 7Did the British treat the African American GIs and the American GIs differently?No. For the first time, the Black Americans felt normal and equal to the White British (not Americans)
  8. 8How did British women settle down in America?By marrying the American soldiers and moving out with them.
  9. 9Name 5 commonwealth troops that arrived in Britain> Canadians
    > Australians
    > New Zealanders
    > Indians
    > West Indians
  10. 10Were commonwealth troops welcomed in Britain?Yes
  11. 11Where were the biggest groups of the Prisoners of War from?Italy and Germany captured in Africa
  12. 12Which year was there an increase of prisoners of war?1945 onwards
  13. 13How many facilities in the UK were housing these prisoners?1, 500
  14. 14Where did the majority of the prisoners work?Agriculture and had a range of educational classes
  15. 15Describe the experiences of the prisoners of war at BritainThey enjoyed it as they were treated well.
    Given same rations as British and some money - looked after
    Some complaints of food.
    Remained in Britain after the war
  16. 16When was Poland invaded? Who invaded Poland?In 1935 by Germany and the USSR
    (Some escaped)
  17. 17How many Poles served in the RAF?14,000
  18. 18How many Poles remained in Britain after the war? Why?120, 000 remained as they didn't want to go back to a communist Poland
  19. 19How did Winston Churchill help the Poles?Gave them work and working camps - paid them due to a shortage of workers who were needed to help rebuild Britain.
  20. 20Did the Poles face any discrimination during their time at Britain?Yes, (mainly by the locals)
  21. 21When did the Irish come to Britain? How many?Between 1945 and 1960, over 350, 00 Irish arrived.
  22. 22When did the Eastern Europeans arrive in Britain?Between 1945 and 1950
  23. 23When did the Caribbean's arrive in Britain?1940's +. Mainly students
  24. 24When did West Indians arrive in Britain?1960's
  25. 25Which group were a key territory in the British Empire since the 1750's?The Indians
  26. 26After the 19th Century, where were the Indians transferred to?Africa
  27. 27Why did the British transfer the Indians to Africa?To work.
  28. 28In the 1960's and 1970's why were many Asians fleeing to Britain?Because of Uganda and Kenya
  29. 29How many were East Africans in Britain by 1970?Around 70,000
  30. 30Name a few (6) pull factors to Britain- Work
    - Adventure
    - Admired Britain
    - Had been taught British History & literature
    - Felt they knew Britain ^
    - Impressed by British achievements
    - Adverts - made it look easy
    - Better wages
    - Felt they were coming to help the mother country in its time of need
    - New opportunities
    - Experience of other immigrants
  31. 31Name a few (4) push factors of their country- Gambling debt
    - Natural disasters
    - Poor standard of living (wages/house care)
    - Persecution and Refugees
  32. 32When was the first wave of immigration?WWII
  33. 33When was the 2nd wave of immigration?When war was over to rebuild Britain, NHS and transport systems
  34. 34Who were included in the 3rd wave of immigration?Asian People, Indian & Pakistanis
  35. 35What was special about 'SS Empire Windrush'?A steamship that carried the 1st group of Carribean migrants to Britain. It was also the first ship that was met by newsreel cameras and small crowds waving 'Go home' cards and most of them welcomed them
  36. 36When did 'SS Empire Windrush' arrive in Britain?1948
  37. 37Why did a few MP's dislike the idea of bringing in migrants to Britain?Feared that Britain would be overcrowded with them
  38. 38Why were immigrants brought to Britain? (apart from work)Many of them were ex-servicemen who fought for Britain during WWII. This was their way of thanking them.
  39. 39Were immigrants hardworking people?Yes
  40. 40From 1949 - 1950's fewer people from the Carribean arrived in Britain. Why?The USA put restrictions on immigration which reduced opportunities for workers (1952)
  41. 41What did Britain do in response to the USA's restrictions on immigration?In 1956, London transport paid for migrants boat fare as long as they pay back gradually
  42. 42Was having a family member in Britain something to be proud about?Yes
  43. 43Why did East Africans migrate to Britain?1967: President Kenyatta of Kenya gave all Kenyan Asians to become Kenyan citizens or leave
    1972: - President of Uganda (Idi Amin) forced Asians to leave the country
  44. 44Did East Africans face any economic hardship? Why?No, they were highly educated and skilled businessmen so when they arrived, it wasn't hard to find jobs.
  45. 45Did East Africans have any intention of leaving home?No - they were expelled from Africa
  46. 46How did East Africans feel that they had links with Britain?Learned British History, knew English. Their own country & cultures felt foreign to them. Felt that they knew Britain more than their own country
  47. 47Why did Carribean arrive in Britain?Poor living standards in Jamaica (health care, wages, educ., housing)
    1940's: Sugar trade collapsed and in 1944 there was a hurricane that disrupted Jamaica
  48. 48Did Carribean's face any persecution at all?Met by 'Go home' signs but no serious persecution.
  49. 49Why did most Carribean's arrive in Britain for adventure?Jamaica felt boring in comparison to Britain which looked attractive and a place of opportunities - sports, excitement
  50. 50Did Carribean's intend to return home?Yes, however, they enjoyed it and felt welcomed so they brought their families here for a better lifestyle
  51. 51Which links with Britain did Carribean's have?Everyone supported each other
    Similarity - felt loyalty to Britain
    British nationality encouraged them
    More people arrived as they had contacts with immigrants so they could get housing and jobs
  52. 52Why did Indians arrive in Britain?Economic hardship
    Poor lifestyle (slums, edu.)
    Lack of opportunities
  53. 53Did Indians face any persecution or disruption?1947: violence and disruption in borderlands between Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India.
    Peace appealed to Sikhs - came to Britain to escape it
  54. 54How did economic opportunity appeal to Indians?Job opportunities
    Eager and hardworking
    Took up door to door sales
    Unwanted jobs
    Filled labour shortages too (NHS, transport)
    Textile, metal industries started
  55. 55Did Indians intend to return home?Brought their families. Planned on returning, however, they decided to settle. --more immigrants
  56. 56What were Indians links with Britain and what support did they receive?Felt as though they knew Britain - (History)
    Felt connected
    Made their own communities -- where there were other Indian immigrants
  57. 57As the number of immigrants in Britain grew, what did they face?Treated more badly, unwelcomed when they arrived
  58. 58How did immigrants find Britain as they arrived?Depressing (weather, cold)
  59. 59What were immigrants accused of?Staying in Britain for its free benefit system
  60. 60What did transport workers do in Bristol in 1955? Why?They went on strike to increase no. of coloured workers
  61. 61In 1958, what did the trade unions want to do?Wanted to call an end to immigration workers entering the country
  62. 62Many immigrants were over-qualified for their jobs. Why? Which group in particular?Worked in low positions - especially East Africans who were highly educated and previous businessmen in Kenya
  63. 63In the late 1950's who campaigned to keep Britain white?Right wing activists
  64. 64Who set up the organisation called the 'Union movement' and when?Fascist leader Oswald Mosley. He put up anti - immigrant posters/leaflets. Late 1950s
  65. 65What were the experiences of Jamaicans in Britain generally (negative)?Jobs not given - colour bar. Felt uncomfortable talking to them. Unfair treatment. Felt as an intruder - unwelcomed, no companionship - lonely.
    People in same situation stuck together
  66. 66What were the experiences of Jamaicans in regards to finding homes?Blacks wouldn't be allowed to mix with Whites. Excuses to not let them in their lodgings. Signs for no coloured people. Poor, unexpensive, unwanted housing given - smelly, overcrowded
  67. 67What were the experiences of Jamaicans in regards to finding jobs?Reluctance for people to work with them.
    Thought of as slow and bad tempered ppl. Prejudiced, racial disc. Colour bars
    Didn't feel welcome at pubs & churches - would gather at Black person's house and drink
    REMEMBER: Not all ppl were unwelcoming towards them. Diff ppl = diff exp.
  68. 68What were the positive experiences that Ugandans faced?Welcomed and wanted. Part of the community.
    Cold - not used to climate
    Churches told British to donate clothes to them
    Coloured ppl generally more welcoming to coloured ppl and they also felt more sympathy to them
  69. 69What were the negative experiences that Ugandans faced?Protests to stop immigration
    White ppl felt that they were taking their jobs. Racial discrimination
    Skilled ppl worked at unskilled jobs
    e.g. Asian doc would work as a factory worker/shop
    (To all immigrants: common to use derogatory words - even reporters used it)
  70. 70Where did most Asians settle?Yorkshire, Lancashire, Birmingham, etc
  71. 71In 1971, how many people of Bradford were Pakistanis?10%
  72. 72Although Carribean's and Asians faced the same experiences, what were the differences between them? (detail!!)1) Asians had low expectations of Britain (failed marriages, drunkards), whilst Carribean's regarded themselves as British
    2) Language; C spoke English whilst A didn't and didn't learn it
    3) A married from their own race and kept links to their culture/country
    4) Kept to themselves like British (less abuse)
    5) Many owned shops/restaurants - didn't face discrimination from colleagues but did from customers
    6) Success of migrants in business, many still poor
  73. 73Why did British like West Indians better than IndiansCould speak English better.
  74. 74By 1958, approximately how many immigrants were living in Britain?Over 200,000
  75. 75Why were there hardly any immigrants living in rural Britain?Economic downturn = fewer jobs (White ppl blamed them for taking it up)
    Gang culture growing among the youths
  76. 76What was the name of the gang culture that was growing among the youths?Teddy boys
  77. 77Which of these occured first: Nottinghill incident Nottingham incidentNottingham incident
  78. 78When did the Nottingham incident occur?23rd August 1958
  79. 79Describe what happened in the Nottingham incidentBlack ppl felt unsafe walking around the streets
    A black minor was beaten up when coming out of the cinema with his wife
    23rd Aug 1958: fight broke out between black and white ppl in St Ann Well Road area
  80. 80What was the response to the Nottingham incident?The MPs for Nottingham called for an end to immigration
  81. 81When did the Nottinghill incident occur?30th August 1958
  82. 82Describe what happened in the Nottinghill incident?Largest West Indian communities
    30 August 1958: 400 teddy boy gangs & other white youths attacked black ppl and their property with petrol bombs for 2 nights. (altogether it took place for 3 nights). Few white ppl protected the Blacks at this incident
  83. 83Did they receive any police protection? Link it to the response givenReceived no police protection. On the 3rd night, they fought back, then the police got involved. They took sides with the white ppl. Said they had to protect themselves and the only way to stop was to go back to where they came from
  84. 84Describe what happened in 1959?Kelso Cochrane, a carpenter stabbed to death in Nottinghill by 6 white youths, who never got arrested - accused of not doing enough. 1200 ppl showed up at his funeral to show their anger and sorrow.
  85. 85What were the effects of these incidents?Immigration was a national political issue and heated debates took place.
    Many people aware that racism needed tackling - better relationships between Blacks and Whites
    Police not trusted (espec. by Blacks)
  86. 86What was the political response?Many laws passed due to this (refer to timeline flashcards)
  87. 87How did the government start to discourage immigrants from entering Britain? (1950s/60s)Warning them that food is bad and weather is cold
  88. 88When did Enoch Powell make his speech?20th April 1968
  89. 89What was Enoch Powell's speech called?'River of Blood' speech
  90. 90Describe Enoch Powell's speech?Made a speech to conservative party workers in Birmingham against immigration. Thought Black ppl will soon overpower the British and kill them all. [Powell bought in 18,000 docs for NHS (later on)]
  91. 91What happened to Powell after the speech?He was sacked
  92. 92What did the Labour Party do after Powell was sacked?They passed the Race Relations Act 1968
  93. 93How did Powell's speech impact the people?An increase in protests and strikes. 88% rose in support of Powell
    Fear of Powell. Wanted to prevent racial problems.
    Did not want immigrants = fewer jobs, housing...
    Academic students did not support him and did not let him talk when making speech
  94. 94What did immigrants contribute to Britain by 1970s?- Public services: transports, NHS, police...
    - Economy: businesses, factory, unwanted..
    - Culture: clothing, lang, sports players
    - Religion: masjids, temples, festivals
    Music: raps, bollywood, jazz, carnivals (Nottingham/hill)
  95. 95Who bought ice-cream parlours and coffee bars to Britain?Italians
  96. 96Who bought restaurant trades into Britain?Chinese and Indians
  97. 97When was there a first black newsreader?1973
  98. 98When were there black football players for the 1st time?1970s
  99. 99Who was Sybil Phoenix? Describe what she contributed to BritainArrived from Guyana in 1956. Determined to help other orphans (she was one). Became a foster parent & gave home to 100+ children. 1st job - canteen cook in NHS.
    1971: awarded MBE medal of Brtish emp.
  100. 100Who was Sir Anwar Parez and what did he contribute to Britain?From Pakistan 1956. Drove buses in Bradford. Saved enough to open a convenience store in London. Started a Bestway chain all over the country.
    1999 - he was knighted

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Flashcards on Immigration to Britain, created by M E on 17/04/2017.
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M E
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