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Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Social Influence | The effect other people have on our behaviour. This includes conformity, obedience and social loafing |
| Conformity | A change in a person's behaviour or opinion as the result of group pressure |
| Asch Aim | To see if people could be influenced by others people opinions to give an answer they know to be wrong. |
| Asch Method | Participants were shown sets of four lines. For each set, they had to say which line was the same length as the test line. Participants were either tested alone or in groups, where the rest of the group was instructed to give the same wrong answer. |
| Asch Results | When tested alone, the error rate was less than 1%. When tested in groups, on 32% of trials the participants gave the same wrong answer as the rest of the group. 74% of participants gave at least one wrong answer. |
| Asch Conclusion | Participants who gave incorrect answers knew their answer was wrong but they did not want to go against the group. This clearly shows conformity. |
| Normative conformity | Conforming to someone's behaviour or opinion due to the desire to be liked and accepted |
| Informative Conformity | Conforming to someone's behaviour or opinion due to the desire to be right |
| Obedience | Following the orders of someone we believe has authority |
| Hofling et al Aim | To see if people would follow an unreasonable order in their normal work environment. |
| Hofling et al Method | He contacted 22 nurses individually be phone claiming to be a doctor and instructed them to give a patient twice the maximum dosage of the drug Astrofen. |
| Hofling et al Results | Of the 22, 21 were prepared to follow his orders, despite the maximum dosage being clearly marked on the bottle |
| Hofling et al Conclusion | Nurses are likely to obey the instructions of a doctor, even when there may be bad consequences for a patient |
| Bickman Aim | He wanted to know if people will be more likely to obey an order if it came from someone in a uniform |
| Bickman Method | He had actors dress as either a security gurd or just in a casual jacket. They both asked people sitting in a park to pick up litter |
| Bickman Results | 80% of people obeyed the "guard" compared to 40% when the actor wasn't wearing a uniform. |
| Bickman Conclusion | Wearing a uniform will increase the sense that a person is a legitimate authority figure |
| Reasons for Obedience | -Socialisation -Legitimate authority -Buffers -Not feeling Responsible -Gradual commitment |
| Socialisation | The way we are raised to behave and the things we are taught to accept as normal |
| Deindividuating | The sense of losing your sense of individuality and becoming less aware of our own responsibility for our actions |
| Zimbardo Aim | To see if people in a big city behave in a more antisocial way than people in a small town |
| Zimbardo Method | He parked a car in New York City and in Palo Alto with it's hood up as if it had been broken down and observed what people did as they passed by. |
| Zimbardo Results | In New York City people immediately began stealing parts of the car. Within two weeks there was very little left. In Palo Alto, the only time the car was touched was when someone lowered the bonnet to stop the engine getting wet when it was raining |
| Zimbardo Conclusion | Deindividuation caused by living in a big city leads to an increase in anti-social behaviour. |
| Factors affecting Deindividuation | -Anonymity -Wearing a uniform -Being part of a gang or clearly identifiable group |
| Social Loafing | Putting less effort into doing something when you are with others who are doing the same thing |
| Earley Aim | To see if culture has an influence on social loafing |
| Earley Method | Participants from the US and China had to complete tasks alone and in groups. The level of social loafing was measured by how much effort was put into the task in each condition by the participant. |
| Earley Results | The American participants reduced the amount of effort they put into the task when they were in groups but the Chinese didn't. |
| Earley Conclusion | Social Loafing does not exist in all cultures. In some cultures, people are prepared just as hard for the good of the whole group, even when they don't need to. |
| Factors that affect Social Loafing | -The size of the group -Nature of the task -Culture |
| Latane and Darley Aim | To see if people are less likely to react in an emergency when there are others present. |
| Latane and Darley Method | They had participants sit in a room either alone or in threes while completing a questionnaire. While they were doing this smoke began pouring into the room |
| Latane and Darley Results | 75% of Participants sitting alone went to tell someone about the smoke within 6 minutes. Whereas only 38% of those in groups of threes did. |
| Latane and Darley Conclusion | If there are other people around you, it will make it less likely that you will react in an emergency |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | In a group of people there is less need for the individual to act because someone else who is present could also do something |
| Piliavin Aim | To see if the appearance of a victim would influence helping behaviour. |
| Piliavin Method | He had an actor pretend to collapse in a train carriage. His appearance was altered several times, and the amount of help he received each time was recorded by an observer |
| Piliavin Results | With a walking stick, he received help within 70 s 90% of the time. With an ugly facial scar, this dropped to 60%. When he appeared drunk, it dropped to 20% |
| Piliavin Conclusion | The appearance of the person needing help will affect whether and how quickly they get that help |
| Empathy | Being able to put yourself into someone else's position psychologically and understand how that person is feeling |
| Bystander Apathy | Doing nothing in an emergency when someone else is in need of help |
| Batson et al Aim | To discover if the similarity of the victim to the bystander will affect whether or not they receive help. |
| Batson et al Method | Participants watched a woman who they thought was receiving electric shocks. Each participant was made to think the woman was either like them or not like them. They were then given the opportunity to take the woman's place to stop her suffering. |
| Batson et al Results | More participants were prepared to take the place of the woman they thought to be similar to themselves |
| Batson et al Conclusion | People are more likely to offer help to someone they feel is similar to themselves in some way, than to someone they cannot relate to. This is because we feel greater empathy for people like ourselves |
| Schroeder et al Aim | To explore different reasons for bystanders not helping |
| Schroeder at al Method | They studied the findings and conclusions from many previous pieces of research. |
| Schroeder et al Results | They were able to provide an alternative explanation for bystander apathy |
| Schroeder et al Conclusion | Bystanders are distressed and concerned about victims, but when other people are present, they believe that someone else is more capable of helping |
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