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Flashcards by Natarliya James, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natarliya James
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Henry's relations with foreign powers | Henry's foreign policy aims were essentially straight forward. He had no grand plans to assert English power in Europe, and was therefore more concerned with maintaining good relations and defence. He certainly had no intention of restarting the Hundred Years War with France. Broadly speaking, he sought to maintain positive relations with foreign powers to ensure: - National Security -Recognition of the Tudor Dynasty - Defence of English trading interests |
| Brittany and France | Henry's first major foreign policy involvement came in Brittany, a fiefdom of the French Crown which had enjoyed effective independence. Following an invasion in 1487 it looked as if the french would gain complete control of Brittany. This alarmed Henry who in 1489 summoned parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army again the French. There were two main reasons for this: -His sense of obligation to the Bretons -His fear that direct french control of brittany could increase a potential french threat to England. England and brittany agreed to the Treaty of Rendon in February 1489, according to which the Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend brittany from the french threat. At the same time henry tried to strengthen his position by an alliance with Maximilian, the Holy Roman Emperor- elect. |
| Brittany - Continued | The english army went to Brittany but Anne, fearing the futility of prolonged resistance to the french, surrendered and reluctantly married Charles VIII. This left the english army marooned in brittany and also meant that Maximilian lost interest in the matter, which left henry in a difficult position. The situation was make worse for henry by perkin warbeck seeking french backing for his claim to the english throne. Henry launched an invasion of france in 1492, rather late in the campaigning season, and the french quickly sought a peace settlement. Henry showed enough flexibility in his approach to benefit from the change in french priorites. At the signing of the Treaty of Etaples in November 1492, Charles VIII agreed to withdraw support for perkin warbeck and to pay a pension to henry to compensate him for the expense of having recruited an army of invasion. Henry's strategy had proved successful, and he had managed to defend national and dynastic interests. Moreover, he had improved his financial position and ensured a period of relative cordiality in anglo-french relations. |
| Burgundy, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire | Margaret enlisted the support of her stepson-in-law, Maximilian, who became holy roman emperor in 1493 and passed over jurisdiction in the netherlands to his 16 y/o son phillip in the following year. Relations between england and burgundy deteriorated as a result of the hospitality which maximilian and phillip were offering to perkin warbeck and henry gambled that putting an embargo on english trade with burgundy would ease the matter. In giving priority to his dynastic interests, henry showed himself prepared to sacrifice the commercial interests of london and east-coast merchants, which did nothing for his popularity in those parts of the country. |
| Burgundy, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire - Continued | One of the outcomes of the resulting Treaty of Windsor was a new trade agreement. In this, henry showed the same forceful approach which by this time he was adopting in his domestic financial affairs: he demanded a trade deal which would have given a much stronger trading position to english merchants in the Netherlands had it ever been enforced. Henry appeared to have improved both england's trading position and also the security of the dynasty. |
| Spain | The Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489 was the important development for henry in that it gave him some of the international peace and security to which he aspired: -the two monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of attack -they agreed not to harbour pretenders -the treaty arranged a marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon There were problems with the implementation of the treaty: -arrangements for the royal marriage didnt go smoothly -ferdinand proved reluctant to allow the marriage to go ahead as long as henry's dynastic stability remained threatened by Warbeck -the two monarchs argued over the size of Catherine's dowry |
| Spain - Continued | The details of the marriage were finally agreed in1499 and it took place in 1501. However, the death of Arthur in 1502 brought complications to henry's relations with ferdinand: -Henry immediately suggest that Catherine should marry his second son, Prince Henry, Ferdinand was reluctant to agree. He had little need for an english alliance and the proposed marriage would require a papal dispensation - which could be arranged but at a price. By the Treaty of Windsor in 1506, Henry secured a stronger relationship with Phillip: -New trade agreement -Return of the Earl of Suffolk Phillip of Burgundy's death proved disastrous for Henry: -Henry became diplomatically isolated as once again he had been outsmarted by a major european monarch -Ferdinand ensured that the marriage between henry and catherine would not take place in Henry VII's lifetime |
| Securing the succession and marriage alliances | Before 1502, it seemed that there would be no problems with the succession to Henry VII. In 1486 his wife had given birth to a prince, and in 1491, to another. The dynasty's survival depended on henry's survival until his son was old enough to take the throne. His health deteriorated rapidly from february 1509 and he died on the evening of the 21st april. No announcement was made at first of the king's death. Most importantly Empson and Dudley were excluded from the deliberations. The king's death was announced on 23rd april and on the following day the process of rounding up potential troublemakers began. Among those arrested were Empson and Dudley. There was a clear message, therefore, that the new regime would be different from the old. |
| Royal Marriage alliances, foreign policy and the succession | Marriage alliances were an essential part of international diplomacy during this period. It was important for Henry VII to seek appropriate marriage alliances in order to help bring about dynastic security. He planned to maintain an alliance with spain by securing a marriage aliance between catherine of aragon and arthur. Although his plans were dashed when arthur suddenly died Henry quickly suggested she marry his younger son. He also arranged for his oldest daughter Margaret to marry James IV of Scotland which, strengthened his alliance with scotland and weakened perkin warbeck's threat to the tudor throne. Henry's younger daughter Mary would later during Henry VIII's reign marry the much older king of france Louis XII in order to secure peaceful relations between the two countries. |
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