B1 Flashcards

Question	Answer
Healthy	Free of infections or diseases
Fitness	Measure of how well you perform physical tasks. (Strength, speed, agility, flexibility and stamina)
What is blood pressure?	Measured in mmHg (mm of mercury) and is influenced by different factors.
Define Systolic Pressure	Pressure when the heart contracts. This is the highest point.
Diastolic Pressure	Pressure when the heart reaches diastole and relaxes. This is the lowest point.
What factors affect blood pressure?	Smoking, weight, alcohol consumption and persistent stress over a period of time.
What are the effects of high blood pressure?	It can cause blood vessels to burst which can cause strokes and brain damage as well as kidney damage.
What are the effects of low blood pressure?	Feeling lightheaded, poor circulation and fainting.
Plaque	A build up of cholesterol in arteries caused by eating too many saturated fats. Leads to high blood pressure.
What is the risk caused by narrow arteries?	It can lead to a heart attack because the coronary arteries become narrowed and heart does not receive oxygen and nutrients.
What are the six essential nutrients?	Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins and minerals. (+ fibre)
What are fats and where are they stored?	They are fatty acids and glycerol. They are stored as adipose tissue around organs and under the skin.
Why is protein shortage a problem in developing countries?	As the supply-and-demand rate changes rapidly, not enough protein-rich food can be made to prevent diseases such as kwashiorkor. The lack of food, money and infrastructure affect production.
What is the formula for EAR?	EAR (g) = 0.6 x Mass (kg)
What are two main psychological disorders which affect food consumption?	Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
What is the formula for BMI?	BMI = Mass (kg) / Height^2 (m)
What are the four types of pathogens?	Fungi, viruses, bacteria and protozoa.
What is a vector?	It is an organism which carries a disease without being affected by it. For example, mosquitoes are vectors of malaria.
What are the three ways that the immune system deals with pathogens?	Production of anti-toxins, ingestion and production of antibodies.
How are antibodies produced?	Foreign antigens on the pathogen are identified. Immune system begins creating antibodies to bind to antigen and disable the pathogen. Antibody is stored in memory cells for later use.
How do vaccinations work?	A dead or weakened pathogen is injected into the body. The immune system can easily make antibodies which are stored in case of real infection.
Active Immunity	Body makes its own antibodies. Happens either naturally or artificially (vaccines) Permanent immunity
Passive Immunity	Antibodies are made by a different organism. e.g. A mother passes antibodies through breast feeding. This is temporary.
Antibiotics	Drugs which kill bacterial pathogens without harming body cells. If the course is not finished, it leads to antibiotic strains e.g. MRSA
Antivirals	Treat viral infections by preventing them from reproducing.
Benign	Tumour which does not spread. Non-harmful
Malignant	Tumour which spreads. Harmful and potentially fatal.
Depressants	Decrease brain activity. Slows nervous system. This happens by them binding to receptors in the synapse which prevents neurotransmitters attaching to the neuron. e.g. Alcohol
Stimulants	Increase brain activity. Speed up nervous system. e.g. Caffeine
Painkillers	Reduces stimuli at receptors. e.g. Paracetamol
Performance Enhancers	Aid in muscle building. e.g. Anabolic steroids
Hallucinogens	Distort senses. e.g. LSD
What are the effects of smoking?	Heart disease Cancer (throat, mouth, lungs) Smoker's cough Low Weight Babies
How does carbon monoxide increase blood pressure?	Binds to red blood cells. Heart has to pump harder to ensure all cells receive enough oxygen.
Label the eye. Image: Eye Unlabelled (image/gif)	Source: BBC Image: Eye (image/gif)
Cones and Rods	Cones are colour sensitive and only work in reasonable light. ([C]one for [C]olour) Rods work in dim light but aren't colour sensitive
What happens when looking at distant objects?	Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments tighten Lens is less rounded - less refraction
What happen when looking at nearby objects?	Ciliary muscles contract Suspensory ligaments slacken Lens is more rounded - more refraction
What mirror types correct which type of sight problems?	Long-sighted - Convex lens Short-sighted - Concave lens
What is the pathway of a traditional CNS response?	Stimulus --> Receptor --> Sensory Neurone --> CNS --> Motor Neurone --> Effector --> Response
What is the pathway of a reflex response?	Stimulus --> Receptor --> Sensory Neurone --> Relay Neurone --> Motor Neurone --> Effector --> Response (Relay Neurone replaces CNS)
Reflex	Involuntary actions designed to happen rapidly without thinking to protect the body.
Label a neurone	Source: BBC Missing label is the myelinated sheath which covers the axon. Image: 5d3d66ef622165ae607b3c02f6e603c524eececf (image/gif)
Homeostatis	Maintaining a constant internal environment despite external environment changes through the use of negative feedback.
Give 3 things that are controlled by Homeostatis	CO₂ Levels Glucose Levels Water Levels Temperature
Negative Feedback	Source: BBC Measures enacted due to changes from the norm in the body. Image: Cca093e36bedd2be6c15527e3f2d733ffae5521d (image/gif)
Give 3 corrective measures enacted when the body is too hot.	Flat hairs Vasodilation Sweating
Give 3 corrective measures enacted when the body is too cold.	Standing hairs Vasoconstriction Shivering
What does insulin do?	Makes the liver convert excess glucose into glycogen.
What is the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?	Type 1 - Pancreas creates little/no insulin. Requires insulin therapy injections. Type 2 - Resistance to insulin. Controlled by dieting.
Auxin	A plant hormone which controls growth of the tips of shoots and roots. Stimulates the cell elongation from the tip backwards. Inhibits root growth; stimulates tip growth.
Phototropism	Grows towards light Positive - Shoot Negative - Root
Geotropism	Grows towards gravity Positive - Root Negative - Shoot
What happens to the shaded side of a shoot?	More auxin accumulates which stimulates growth. This causes curving towards the light.
Give 3 commercial uses of plant hormones	Selective Weedkillers Rooting Powder Ripening Fruit (at select times) Dormancy Control
Order by size: Gene, DNA, Nucleus, Chromosome, Codon	Nucleus --> Chromosome --> Gene --> DNA --> Codon (Codon is a three base pairs which form an amino acid when synthesised)
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell?	46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Gamete	A sex cell containing half of the genetic information. Leads to variation.
Name 3 genetic disorders	Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Anaemia Red-Green Colour Blindness

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