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Flashcards

CNS

tanitia.dooley Pharmacology undergrad English 50 cards

Cards in this deck (50)

  1. 1What is the age of onset of schizophrenia in men and women?men: 23-28 women 28-32
  2. 2What are negative symptoms? Give exampleslacking compared to normal eg loss of empathy, inappropriate or blunted mood, repetitive activity, apathy, attentional impairment
  3. 3What are positive symptoms? Give exampleIn addition to normal behavior. e.g. hallucinations, delusions
  4. 4what are the 3 classes of typical antipsychotics?phenothiazines, thioxanthenes and butyrophenones
  5. 5What are the extra-pyramidal side effects?tardive dyskinesias (large involuntary moevments associated with prolonged treatment) and acute dystonias (involuntary movement eg tremor)
  6. 6What are the atypical antipsychotics?dibenzodiazepines eg clozapine
  7. 7What receptor block do extra-pyramidal side effects tend to arise from?D1 subtype block
  8. 8What is the mechanism of action for most antipsychotics?antagonists at D2 subtype
  9. 9What are the neuronal defects found in patients with schizophrenia?larger ventricles, smaller cortices
  10. 10What is the dopamine theory for psychosis?Compounds that increase dopaminergic signalling eg amphetamines can induce psychosis
  11. 11What is the glutamate theory of psychosis?Dysfunction in glutaminergic neurotransmission can cause schizophrenia
  12. 12What is the effect of nicotine on nicotinic aCh receptors?It desensitises them and increases their surface expression
  13. 13What is the role of naltrexone?It inhibits ethanol consumption and craving in alcoholism
  14. 14What are the effects of alcohol on GABA A, NMDA, 5HT3 and L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels?GABA A & 5HT3=potentiation, inhibit NMDA and L-type voltage gated Ca2+
  15. 15How do psychostimulants work? Give two examples.What transmitter is their euphoria related to?They potentiate monoamine transmission by inhibiting the reuptake of 5HT, NA and DA. Eg cocaine and amphetamine. Related to DA effects
  16. 16How do hallucinogens have an effect? Name twoThey are partial agonists at 5HT2A receptors. LSD & mescaline
  17. 17What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?tetrahydrocannabinol- agonist at CB1 cannabinoid GPCR
  18. 18What is drug tolerance?need for significantly increased dose to achieve the same effect or the reduction in effect with a constant dose
  19. 19What is drug addiction?individual engages in compulsive behaviour
  20. 20What is drug dependence?An organism only functions properly in the presence of a drug
  21. 21What is drug abuse?self administration of drugs beyond the approved cultural norms
  22. 22What is the mechanism of action for caffiene?Competitive antagonists at adenosine A1 & A2A
  23. 23How is caffeine supposed to protect against parkinsons disease?It is believed to protect dopaminergic neurons from degeneration
  24. 24name the 10 symptoms of depression- significant weight change (5% in a month) -sleep disturbance -fatigue/loss of energy -depressed/irratable mood -reduced interest in pleasurable activities -psychomotor agitation -loss of self worth -excessive guilt -diminished ability to think -suicidal thoughts
  25. 25What are the additional symptoms of mania?delusions and hallucinations
  26. 26What is the mechanism of action for monamine oxidase inhibitiors?block breakdown of 5-HT and NA in the synapse so there are increased levels avaliable to bind to the receptor
  27. 27What is the mechanism of action for Tricyclic antidepressants? Give an example?They block the reuptake of 5-HT and NA from the synapse. Dibenzazepines eg desipramine
  28. 28What is the mechanism of action for SSRI's? Give an exampleThey selectively inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT from the synapse. Fluoxetine
  29. 29What is the mechanism of action of Buproprion?Inhibits the reuptake of DA
  30. 30What drug class cause the cheese reaction as a side effect?monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  31. 31What is the side effect caused by st johns wort?Induces metabolism of other drugs
  32. 32What are the side effects of MAOIs?cheese reaction, atropine like (dry mouth), postural hypotension, tremor
  33. 33What are the side effects of Tricyclic antidepressants?postural hypotension, atropine-like, sedative, dysrhythmias
  34. 34What is the role of astrocytes?Maintain nutrition and regulate ionic concs-also play a role in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism
  35. 35What is the role of oligodendrocytes?Produce myelin that insulates nerve cell membranes
  36. 36What is the role of microglia?Act like macrophages scavenging unwanted materials from the brain. Proliferation in disease states
  37. 37Ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channel) examplesnicotinic Ach, NMDA glutamate, 5-HT3 & GABA A
  38. 38What is the role of Amphetamine?promotes release of DA from vesicles
  39. 39Does serotonin increase or decrease anxiety?increases
  40. 40What is the difference between sedatives and hypnotics?sedatives reduce alertness and can produce sleep, hypnotics induce the natural sleep process
  41. 41Name the 3 current anxiolytic drug classes used?Benzodiazepines, azapirones, bartiturates
  42. 42What is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?Binds GABA A receptors elsewhere on the receptor to where GABA binds= increases GABA signalling.
  43. 43What are the effects of benzodiazepines?sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics & anticonvulsant
  44. 44What is the mechanism of action for azapirones?They are agonists/partial agonists 5-HT 1A presynaptic receptors inhibiting serotonin signalling by inhibiting adenylate cyclase
  45. 45What is the effect of azapirones?just anxiolytic
  46. 46What is the mechanism of action for barbiturates?Binds GABA A receptors=increased signalling
  47. 47What are the effects of barbiturates?aanxiolytic and sedative
  48. 48How long do azapirones take to have an effect?1-3 weeks
  49. 49Why is the response inhibtory when GABA binds to its GABA A receptor?The receptor is permeable to Cl- ions and therefore causes hyper polarisation
  50. 50What is the average age of onset for major unipolar depression? What is it for bipolar?35-45/ ~30 for bipolar

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undergrad Pharmacology Flashcards on CNS, created by tanitia.dooley on 14/05/2013.
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tanitia.dooley
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