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Flashcards

Pfiefer L1: Protected Area Effectiveness

Phoebe Stockton Biodiversity Science and Management English 46 cards

Adaptive Management Cycle:

Cards in this deck (46)

  1. 1What is a Protected Area?- An example of in situ conservation: protecting an endangered plant or animal spp. in its natural habitat - in situ conservation
    -An "area of land/sea dedicated to the PROTECTION and MAINTENCANCE of BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY and NATURAL and CULTURAL resources which is managed through LEGAL or other EFFECTIVE MEANS" - IUCN
  2. 2What are the TYPES of PA?IUCN Cat Ia: Strict Nature Reserve
    IUCN Cat Ib: Wilderness Area
    IUCN Cat II: National Park
    IUCN Cat III: Natural monument/feature
    IUCN Cat IV: Habitat/spp. management area
    IUCN Cat V: Protected landscape/ seascape
    IUCN Cat VI: Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources
  3. 3Strict Nature Reserve:-45 in Africa
    -STRONGEST protection category you can assign
    -Managed for LOW VISITATION by HUMANS - trying to maintain pristine environments (free of direct intervention of modern humans excl. settlements)
    -comprise of NATIVE ecosystems and spp.
    -suitable as a BASELINE MONITORING SITE for the relative impact of HUMAN ACTIVITIES
  4. 4Example of a Strict Nature Reserve:Mt. Nimba on the border btwn Cote d'Ivoire and Guinea
    -UNESCO World Heritage Site
  5. 5Wilderness Areas:-26 in Africa
    -Larger, so bound to be more human influence but minimal (still aimed at protection of native flora&fauna)
    -Free of modern infrastructure, development and industrial extractive activity
  6. 6Example of a Wilderness Area:AMANI Nature Reserve, Tanzania
  7. 7National Park-323 in Africa
    -Smaller than Wilderness Areas, also focus on the preservation of ecosystems, functions and processes
    -More human visitations allowed
  8. 8Example of a National Park:Ambolesi NP
  9. 9Natural Monument/ Feature:42 in Africa
    -SMALL
    -Natural features such as waterfall, crater
    -Culturally influenced natural features, e.g. cave dwellings, sacred natural sites
  10. 10Example of a Natural Monument/ Feature:Kalambo Falls, Zambia
  11. 11Habitat/Spp. Management Area:543 in Africa
    -Don't focus on the full ecosystem, just certain spp./habitats of interest
    --> management of the area is targeted at these spp.
  12. 12Protected landscape/seascape:38 in Africa
    -Similar to previous, but focus on particular landscape rather than spp.
    -protect and sustain land/sea scapes created by humans through traditional management practices
  13. 13Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources:192 in Africa
    -Communities living in these who depend on the natural resources
  14. 14Any others?There are ALSO 6468 reserves without these IUCN categories assignes
  15. 15What is the difference btwn PA GOVERNANCE and PA MANAGEMENT?Governance: decides what the objectives are, holds power, authority
    Management: decides what to do to achieve these objectives
  16. 16A case study of governance decisions:Marsabit National Park and Forest Reserve
    -There have been pressures from Marsabit town at the Northern edge of the park due to people using the natural resources
  17. 17What are the key governance decisions involved?1. Establishing that the territory will be conserved and clarifying its extension and perimeter
    2. Establishing governance & management rules, e.g. zonation system
    3. Decide who will implement the rules and/or enforce the rules (KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE, state corporation est. 1990)
    4. Establishing how to monitor, evaluate and adjust the management plan
    5. Establish how the rule of law and broader international legislation (including human and indigenous peoples’ rights) are to be respected and enforced in and around the protected area
  18. 18Who provides the governance of the park?-Government
    -Rightholders and Stakeholders (no rights to land but have always used the resources)
    -Private individuals and organisations (NGOs, Universities)
    -Indigenous people/ local communities
  19. 19What are the government instruments?-LAWS (international and national, such as Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010)
    -Conventions (CBD) - created AICHI biodiversity targets
    -local rules and plans, allowing traditional resource use but managed
    -Social incentives/disincentives (e.g. tusk conservation awards)
    -Setting up research initiatives and training programmes (including equipment), which help in understanding and responding to management problems
    -Provision of physical barriers and active enforcement to prevent violations of rules, etc.
  20. 20PAs have expanded rapidly:Watson et al. (2014): total area protected has increased rapidly (both land and sea) since the first formal protected area (1864)
    -->with an increasingly diverse
    --> currently cover 5.6 % of Earth's surface
  21. 21PAs are more diverse?PAs are expected to not only preserve iconic wildlife and landscapes but also achieve CONSERVATION , SOCIAL and ECONOMIC objectives such as:
    -CC mitigation
    -contributing to livelihood of local communities
    --> trade-offs btwn competing objectives
  22. 22PAs and local people?Watson et al. (2014) In some developing countries, the income generated from PAs is of national significance:
    RWANDA: tourism revenue from visits to see mountain gorillas inside Volcanoes Naitonal Park is the country's largest source of FOREIGN EXCHANGE (US$200m annually)
  23. 23PA effectiveness for habitat and spp. protection:Watson et al. (2014):
    Most of the time, well-managed PAs reduce the rate of habitat loss in both terrestrial and marine environments
    -Well-managed marine PAs have been found to contain 5 times the total LARGE FISH biomass and 14 times the SHARK biomass compared with fished areas.
  24. 24ESs in PAs?Watson et al. (2014)
    Well-managed PAs can provide crucial ESs such as:
    -water
    -food security
    -protection of wild relatives of crops
    -carbon storage
  25. 25Water provision:Watson et al. (2014)
    --> increasingly important as 1/3 of the world's largest cities rely on PAs as a significant source of drinking water
  26. 26CC mitigation:Watson et al. (2014)
    PAs play an increasingly important part in REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation)
  27. 27PA terrestrial coverage:Watson et al.: as of 2014, 12.5% of the terrestrial realmis covered by PAs
    This is still short of the current CBD Aichi biodiversity target of 17%
  28. 28Evidence of ineffective PAs?Watson et al. (2014)
    The CBD targets call for PAs to be effectively managed but:
    there is evidence that threatened spp. popns inside some PAs are declining, including lions, Sumatran rhinoceros and African elephants
  29. 29What is the primary reason for poor effectiveness of PAs?Watson et al. (2014)
    Under-resourcing:
    -Fewer than 6% of the countries reporting to CBD in 2003 indicated that resources for management of PAs were adequate
    --> a lack of resources affects BOUNDARY DEMARCATION, effective LAW ENFORCEMENT etc.. affects PA performance
  30. 30What is another major influencer in PA effectiveness?Watson et al. (2014)
    Political corruption and armed conflict often undermines PAs in many parts of the world - rendering protection efforts ineffective
    --> there are generally strong, positive correlations btwn threats outside and inside PAs
  31. 31What is PADDD?-Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing and Degazettement
  32. 32Example of PADDD taking place in developing world:Watson et al. (2014)
    - Uganda: Increased oil exploration and development inside Murchison Falls National Park and other PAs was allowed in the past decade
  33. 33Examples of PADDD taking place in developing world:-Canada: Recent cuts to the Parks Canada budget have reduced conservation spending by 15%
    -UK: Cairngorms National Park management plan, announced in 2010, expands DEVELOPMENT inside the park, including plans for the construction of 1700 houses
  34. 34What is the status of PADDD?A recent global analysis of 543 instances of PADDD indicated that all 3 forms are increasing
    MASCIA et al. (2014)
  35. 35E.g. of degazettement:Watson et al. (2014)
    -Full degazettement is unusual but increasing:
    the Arabian Oryx Xanctuary in Oman was removed from the World Heritage List after the govt. reduced the size of the reserve by 90% to allow for oil and gas extraction
  36. 36Why are PAs important?Watson et al. (2014)
    As human popns grow and pressures on natural ecosystems increase, more spp. and ecosystems are becoming predominantly refined to PAs, e.g. large, threatened mammals such as:
    -Asian elephant
    -All rhinoceros spp.
  37. 37Quantifying ESs provided by PAs?Many benefits not easily measured:
    -Australia, the 2012-13 budget for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority was approx. Aus$50 million but tourism to the reef was worth more than Aus$5.2 billion annually
  38. 38What is the COST of maintaining PAs?- The annual cost of adequately managing an expanded network of marine and terrestrial PAs range from $45bn-$76bn, the lower of which is just 2.5% of the global military expenditure
  39. 39who is my favourite human?MEGGGGGG
  40. 40LEAKINGPfeifer et al. (2012)
    -East Africa's Evergreen Forests: Forest loss in buffer zones around PAs exceeded background forest loss for E. Africa --> in some areas caused by EFFECTIVE PAs
  41. 41Adaptive Management Cycle:Adaptive Management Cycle:
  42. 42PAME?A study by Leverington et al. (2010) provided a global analysis of Protected Area Management Effectiveness (PAME)
  43. 43PAME Assessments focus on these main aspects:Leverington et al. (2010)
    1. improving protected area management
    2. increasing accountability
    3. communicating with the public
    4. assisting in prioritization of resourcing
  44. 44What did Leverington et al. (2010) find from their global assessment of PAME? (>6000 PAs assessed)13% of PAs were inadequate
    only 22% had sound management
    -Effective governance and park gazettal scored relatively well
    -Management weaknesses: community engagement and adequacy of funding
  45. 45What are the issues with under-resourced parks?-Poaching less enforced
    e.g. Kitum salt cave in Mt Elgon NP, Kenya: Ugandan poachers for elephant ivory)
  46. 46Which indicators produce conservation effects?Adequacy of infrastructure, equipment and facilities
    Effectiveness of administration
    Natural resource and cultural protection activities
    Communication programmes
    Adequacy of law enforcement
    Adequacy of building and maintenance
    Research and monitoring
    Security and reliability of funding
    Adequacy of relevant and available information
    Management planning
    Involvement of communities and stakeholders

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Biodiversity Science and Management (Pfeifer) Flashcards on Pfiefer L1: Protected Area Effectiveness, created by Phoebe Stockton on 18/05/2017.
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Phoebe Stockton
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