Flashcards
Systems Pathology: Heart Failure
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1What is heart failure?Condition caused by impairment of the heart's function as a pump
Clinically manifested:
- fluid congestion (backward failure)
- inadequate blood supply to the tissue (forward failure) - 2What is the difference between acute and chronic failure?Acute failure takes place rapidly while chronic failure compensatory mechanisms are active
- 3What is Class I heart failure?No limitations of physical activity
- 4What is Class II heart failure?Slight limitation of activity (breathlessness/ fatigue with moderate exercise)
- 5What is Class III heart failure?Marked limitation of activity (breathlessness with minimal exercise)
- 6What is Class IV heart failure?Severe limitation of activity (symptoms at rest)
- 7How does fluid congestion occur?In response to poor perfusion, hormonal and neural signals increase water retention by the kidneys
Fluid pressure backed up behind the heart result in excess fluid entering lungs and body causing oedema - 8What are the clinical features of peripheral oedema?Leg swelling and pitting
- 9What are clinical features of pulmonary oedema?Shortness of breath
Crepitations
Shadowing on chest x-ray - 10What is another symptom of fluid congestion?Increased jugular venous pressure
- 11Is heart failure passive?No
- 12Describe cardiac remodellingHypertrophy in response to increased demands
Adrenergic stimuli, cytokines (TNFalpha) and Angiotensin II mediate effects - 13What is the aim of cardiac remodelling?To increase cardiac output, however there are adverse effects
- 14What is the benefit and harm of adrenergic remodelling signal?Benefit
- contractility
- hypertrophy
Harm
- myocyte apoptosis
- myocyte toxicity - 15What is the benefit and harm of angiotensin II remodelling signal?Benefit:
- hypertrophy
Harm:
- changed expression of contractile proteins - 16What is the benefit and harm of cytokines alpha remodelling signal?Benefit:
- hypertrophy
Harm:
- remodelling od mitrix dilation
- dilation - 17What does a ventricular dysfunction release?Cytokines
- 18What are the causes of LVF?- acute ventricular dysrhthmias
- myocardial infarction and IHD
- longstanding hypertension
- valve disease
- cardiomyopathies and drugs
- CHD - 19What are clinical examples of LVF?- acute myocardial infarction
- hypertensive heart disease
- chronic rheumatoid valve disease - 20What are the consequences of RVF?- liver distension (raised JVP)
- increased interstitial fluid formation (peripheral oedema) - 21What is created as result of liver congestion?Nutmeg liver
- 22What are the causes of RVF?- left ventricular failure
- valve disease - rare - 23What is the cause of acute right ventricular failure?Massive pulmonary thromboembolism
- 24What is the cause of chronic right ventricular failure?Chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension (Cor pulmonale)
- 25What are the clinical examples of RVF?Cor pulmonale due to pulmonary emphysema
- 26How does it happen?Emphysema destroys alveolar walls and there is loss of lung capillaries leading to failure in ventilation. Hypoxia constricts pulmonary arteries leading to pulmonary hypertension
- 27What is congestive cardiac failure? What is it caused by?Combination of both left and right ventricular failure due to IHD followed by other caused by LVF
- 28What are clinical examples of CCF?- left ventricular aneurysm
- congestive cardiomyopathy - 29What are the causes of cardiomyopathy?Cardiomyopathy is due to disorder affecting muscle:
primary- gene defect in muscle protein
secondary- toxins (drugs), metabolic disease, storage diseases
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- Medicine (Clinical Laboratory Sciences) Flashcards on Systems Pathology: Heart Failure, created by Anita Klukowska on 03/06/2017.
- Created by
- Anita Klukowska · Jun 2017
- Updated
- Jun 3, 2017
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