9340884
Description
Flashcards by Sarah Cowart, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sarah Cowart
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Domains | Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| 4 Groups of Organisms in Eukarya: | 1. Protists 2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Animalia |
| Basic Theories of Biology: | Cell, Homeostasis, Gene, Ecosystem, Evolution |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom |
| Mass Number | Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons PLUS the number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| Isotopes | Atoms of an element where you change number of neutrons (and therefore different mass) |
| Molecule | Two or more elements bonded together |
| Compound | A molecule containing at least 2 different elements bonded together (ie CO2, H20) |
| Formula | Tells you the number of each kind of atom in a molecule |
| Process of Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration (in reverse) |
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| Ion | An atom that has lost or gained an electron |
| Bonds | Ionic- giving & taking entire electrons Covalent- atoms share electrons *polar -unequal sharing (electronegativity) *non-polar-equal sharing (no charge) |
| Water | *Is a polar molecule *Has a high heat capacity *Has a high heat of vaporization *Is a good solvent *molecules are cohesive and adhesive *Ice is less dense than water |
| pH | Measure of Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution Scale: 0-14 0-7= Acidic 7-14= Basic 7=Neutral |
| When water ionizes, it releases and equal number of __________ | Hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide |
| Acids/Bases | Acid- substance that dissolves in water, releasing H ions. Increase number of (H+) ions in a solution Base- substance that either takes up (H+) or releases hydroxide ions (OH-) |
| Logarithmic Scale | 10 fold change (10x) in H+ concentration [pH of 4 is 10x as acidic as pH of 5] [pH of 10 is 100x more basic than pH of 8] |
| Buffers | Keep pH within normal limits (ie. milk) |
| Organic Molecule | Molecule that always contains C & H, and often O as well (within living organisms) |
| 4 Classes of Organic Compounds in Any Living Thing: | *Carbohydrates *Lipids *Proteins *Nucleic Acids |
| Functional Group | Specific set of atoms that always act the same way. * much of a biomolecule's chemistry is attributed to its functional groups, rather than the carbon skeleton to which they are attached. Double bonds affect a molecule's shape, & therefore influence function. |
| Dehydration reaction/Hydrolysis reaction |
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| Enzymes | Protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction *any word ending in -ase is an enzyme *made of protein |
| Carbohydrates | Used as immediate energy source & building blocks *most have C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1 *includes single sugars & chains |
| Saccharides | Monosaccharide- simple sugar *some multiple of CH2O *Glucose is a hexose sugar/critical to life Disaccharide- 2 fused glucose molecules (ie. maltose, sucrose,lactose) Polysaccharide- 3 or more units together *Long term storage *Not soluable in H2O *can be used for structure (ie. chitin) |
| Lipids | *Insoluble in water *Store energy *Used as insulation in animals |
| Phospholipids | |
| Steroids | Provide hormones & made up of 4 carbon rings *Cholesterol is a precursor of steroids such as sex hormones |
| Proteins | Primary importance to structure & function of cells - critical for life *Polymers of amino acids *2 or more amino acids = peptides more=polypeptides |
| Protein function | Metabolism (enzymes speed chem. reactions in cells), Support, Transport, Defense (antibodies), Regulation, Motion (actin & myosin) |
| Amino Acid (Groups) | -NH2 (amino group) -COOH (acid group) R-groups (amino acid) |
| Protein Structure | Primary- chain of amino acids released at translation (not functional) Secondary- presence of alpha helices & beta (pleated) sheets held in place by H bonds (not functional) Tertiary- 3D protein (functional) Quarternary-need subunits (ie hemoglobin) to function |
| DNA | Genetic material that stores info for own replication & for sequence of amino acids in proteins [adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine] (A->T, G->C) |
| RNA | Perform wide range of functions, like protein synthesis & regulation of gene expression [adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil] |
| ATP | Energy "currency" of the cell- transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism [adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates] |
| Cell Theory | *All organisms are composed of cells *Cells are basic unit of structure & function *Cells only come from preexisting cells (self-reproducing) [Schleiden, Schwann, & Virchow] |
| Prokayrotic vs Eukaryotic | Prokaryotic- region nucleoid, not membrane bound Eukaryotic- Membrane bound nucleus, organelles |
| Cell Envelope | Contains plasma membrane, the cell wall, & the glycocalyx |
| Plasma Membrane | Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
| Mesosomes | Likely increase internal surface area for attachment of enzymes carrying on metabolic activities |
| Cell Wall | Maintains integrity and structure *Contains peptidoglycan |
| Glycocalyx | "Sugar coat" Layer of polysaccharides outside cell wall in some bacteria |
| Cytoplasm | Semi-fluid solution composed of water, inorganic & organic molecules (including enzymes), and encased by a plasma membrane |
| Plasmids | Extrachromisomal ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes |
| vector | In genetic engineering, a means to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell (eg. a plasmid) |
| ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis in a cell; composed of proteins and rRNA |
| Cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic with no chloroplasts *contain thylakoids *release O as by-product |
| Appendages of Prokaryotes | Flagella- (going) Fimbriae- (staying) Conjugation pili- (exchanging info) *prokaryotes do not have cilia |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | Explains where mitochondria & chloroplasts come from (larger eukaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells) |
| Cytoskeleton | Internal framework of the cell- consists of microtubules, actin filaments, & intermediate filaments |
| Cell Wall | Cellular structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape & rigidity. Composed of polysaccharides *no animal cells |
| Nucleus | DNA can never leave nucleus Contains: chromatin (natural state) and nucleoplasm. *Mitosis - Chromosomes (condensed to tight ball) |
| Types of RNA | Ribosomal (rRNA) Messenger (mRNA) Transfer (tRNA) |
| Central dogma of molecular biology | DNA->mRNA->protein |
| Golgi Apparatus | Finalize "packaging" for "shipping" *Items leave cell (exocytosis/secretion)m *Items inside/entering cell (endocytosis) |
| Energy Related Organelles | Mitochondria & Chloroplasts (Mitochondria only in animal cells) |
| Mitochondria | "Power generators of the cell" *produce ATP |
| Cellular Respiration | Breaks down ATP |
| Stroma, Thykoloids, Granum |
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| Plastids | Organelle of plants & algae bound by double membrane & contains internal membranes and/or vesicles (ie chloroplasts) |
| Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, Leukoplasts | Chloroplasts - (green color - 1st to break down) Chromoplasts- (Yellow, red, & orange) Leukoplasts- generally colorless plastids that synthesize & store starches & oils (ie potatoes) |
| Matrix, Christae | |
| Actin, Intermediate, Microtubular |
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| Centrioles | Made up of microtubules in specific pattern *basal bodies (lies at base of cilia & flagella *used during mitosis, helps with movement |
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