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| Question | Answer |
| Some animals are adapted to living in very cold conditions. How do they keep warm? | Some animals are adapted to living in very cold conditions. They keep warm by reducing heat loss. |
| Which type of adaptations do some have to help reduce heat loss? | Some have anatomical adaptations to help reduce heat loss. |
| Give two examples of anatomical adaptations that help to decreases heat loss. | - They have excellent insulations to curt down heat loss. - These animals are usually quite large, with small ears. |
| How does having excellent insulation cut down heat loss? (Use the example of an Arctic fox.) | The Arctic fox has thick fur that traps plenty of air for insulation. |
| How does being quite large, with small ears help to decrease heat loss? | These animals are usually quite large, with small ears. This helps to decrease heat loss by decreasing the surface area to volume ratio. |
| Animals may try to avoid the cold by changing their behaviour. Give two examples of what they may do. | Animals may try to avoid the cold by changing their behaviour. Some migrate long distances to warmer areas. Others slow down al their body processes and hibernate. |
| What do penguins have to help reduce heat loss? | Penguins have a counter-current heat exchange mechanism to help reduce heat loss. |
| How does this work? | The warm blood entering the flippers warms up the cold blood leaving, to stop it cooling the body. |
| Other organisms that live in cold climates may have which type of adaptations? | Other organisms that live in cold climates may have biochemical adaptations. |
| Give an example of one of these adaptations. | Such as antifreeze proteins in their cells. |
| Give two examples of an animal and a plant which live in deserts. | Organisms such as camels and cacti live in deserts, in very hot, dry conditions. |
| To increase heat loss, animals adapt in a variety of ways. Give an example of one anatomical adaptation that a camel has to increase the loss of heat. | Some are anatomical adaptations, for example camels increase the loss of heat by having very little hair on the underside of their bodies. |
| Give another example of an anatomical adaptation that animals which live in hot areas usually have. | Animals that live in hot areas are usually smaller and have larger ears than similar animals that live in cold areas. |
| How do these factors help animals to lose more heat? | Theses factors give them a larger surface area to volume ratio, so that they can lose more heat. |
| Give two examples of how other behavioural adaptations help animals to lose more heat. | Other adaptations to lose more heat are behavioural, such as panting or licking their fur. |
| Give an example of how to reduce heat gain animals may change their behaviour. | To reduce heat gain, animals may change their behaviour, for example they seek shade during the hotter hours around the middle of the day. |
| Fill the gaps: To cope with dry conditions, organisms have ..........., .......... and ............. adaptations. | To cope with dry conditions, organisms have behavioural, anatomical and physiological adaptations. |
| Why can camels survive with little water? | Camels can survive with little water because they can produce very concentrated urine. |
| Why can cacti reduce water loss? | Cacti can reduce water loss because their leaves have been reduced to spines. They also have deep roots and can store water in the stem. |
| What are organisms that can survive in hot conditions called? | Organisms that can survive in hot conditions are called extremophiles. |
| Why can some bacteria live in hot springs? | Some bacteria can live in hot springs as they have enzymes that do not denature at temperatures as high as 100°C. |
| Why are some organisms, such as polar bears, called specialists? | Some organisms, like polar bears, are called specialists, as they are very well adapted to living in specific habitats. They would struggle to live elsewhere. |
| Others, for example rats, can live in several habitats. What are they called? | Others, for example rats, can live in several habitats. - These organisms are called generalists. - They will lose to the specialists in certain habitats. |
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