Flashcards
PSYC208 Test 1 25%
Cards in this deck (42)
- 1What are the four types of variables?Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval
- 2Describe the four types of variablesNominal- name/quality, Ordinal- ordered/ranked data, may have uneven space between ranks, Ratio- has an absolute 0. Even spacing, even spacing(i.e. height, cann0ot have negative height) and Interval- may be negative. Even spacing (Temperature, you can have negative)
- 3What are Dichotomous Variables?Only has two categories i.e. heads/tails, on/off
- 4What is Quantitive research concerned with?measurement
- 5What is Deductive reasoning?lead by theory
- 6Empiricism - observations = ?Knowledge
- 7what is quantitative data?expressed as a number such a sfrequency
- 8what is qualitative data?a quality, usually a category. Might be arbitrarily assigned to a number.
- 9Describe each type of graph: Positive linear relationship, negative linear relationship, and curvilinearPositive linear relationship - Slopes up towards R. Negative linear relationship- Slopes down towards R. Curvilinear - makes a rainbow
- 10What is an independent variable?a variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment
- 11What do correlational designs show?two variables that have been measured, shows how co-related the variables are or how associated they are.
- 12What is Bivariate analysis?analysing two variables
- 13What is multivariate analysis?analysing more than two variables
- 14What are the key features of a correlation design?Manipulation of the independent variable, measurement of the independent variable, measurement of two or more variables, manipulation of two or more variables
- 15What is a correlation coefficient?A statistic that indexes the degree of relationship between two variables There are different ways to calculate this - dependent on the variable.
- 16What is a correlation?the degree of the relationship between tow variables
- 17what does linear mean in terms of correlation?straight line relationship between two variables
- 18What does positive relationship mean?as one variable increases so does the other variable
- 19What does negative relationship mean?as one variable increases, the other decreases
- 20Curvilinear realationship means what?where one variable increases, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point, after which, as one variable continues to increase, the other decreases.
- 21what does no relationship mean in correlational designs?no relationship between the two variables
- 22Describe the factors of correlational studydetermines whether or not two variables are related. A type of non-experimental design. No manipulation of IV. No random assignment.No experiment.
- 23What is a correlation coefficient?0= No relationship, 0.1-0.3 = weak, 0.4-0.6 = moderate, 0.7-0.9 = strong, 1 = perfect. -1 = perfect negative linear relationship,
+1 = perfect positive linear relationship, 0 = no relationship - 24Describe Pearson's correlation cooefficientLinear Data, both on interval or ratio scale. Pearson's r is only useful for linear relationships.
- 25what is Spearman's correlation coefficient?Any data on ordinal scale, or curvilinear data where both variables are on the interval or ratio scale
- 26What are contingency tables?Contingency tables are a flexible method of analyzing relationships between variables. Similar to a frequency table. Can always be done but not always the most effective analysis technique. Can be used when you have two nominal variables. E.g. hair colour and eye colour - you cannot compute a correlation coefficient
- 27What is Spearman's rho useful for?Useful for any data on ordinal scale (ranked data)
Useful for curvilinear data where both variables are on the interval or ratio scale. - 28What is Point Bi-serial?Where one variable is dichotomous and the other is on the interval/ratio scale
- 29Why does correlation does not imply casusationa change in one variable does not imply does not imply one in another. Other variables may be in play.
- 30What is the chi-square test?for independence compares two variables in a contingency table to determine the relationship between the variables. Often used when one variable is nominal. Small= observed data fits well(relationship). Large= data does not fit well (no relationship)
- 31What is the scale of measurement and linearity of Point-serial?Where one variable is dichotomous and the other is on the interval/ratio scale.
- 32What are extraneous variables?Variables that can influence the relationship between the variables being examined. I.e. confounding and intervening
- 33What is a confounding variable?A variable that obscures the effect of another variable. Varies systematically with the independent variable. They make it difficult to tell if the independent variable.
- 34Why DO we use correlations?Prediction, testing hypothesis, validity,
and reliability. - 35What is an intervening variable?A variable that explains a relation or provides a causal link between other variables. Also called a "mediating variable" or a "intermediary variable"
- 36Psychology is __ and ___.Data driven (empirically based) and (traditionally) Scientific
- 37What are three characteristics of good psychological research?Systematic empiricism (offered by research methods), production of public knowledge (peer review etc.) and search for solvable problems
- 38what does systematic empiricism tell us?Relationships between observations can tell us about how the worlds works
- 39How does good psychological research need to be reported?transparently reported to the academic public with full disclosure of methods and results. Must also have other independent researchers attempt same/similar studies.
- 40Why is replication of studies important?Exact replication and conceptual replication. others need to get same result.
- 41What does empirical observation mean and how does it affect psychology?Psychology uses this method, so can only deal with problems that have potential empirical solutions. Theories must be testable using empirical observations.
- 42What is the Hypo-deductive method?The general way that researchers use theories to generate new research and, in the process, test and revise the theories themselves.
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- PSYC208 Flashcards on PSYC208 Test 1 25%, created by Laura K on 27/07/2017.
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