Patterns of Nature

Question	Answer
The three components of the cell theory	1.) All living things are made of cells 2.) Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of organisms 3.) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Characteristics of life:	- Reproduce – produce offspring that resembles the parents - Grow – increase in size - Move – even plants can make some small movements such as opening and closing petals - Respire – produce chemical energy by taking oxygen and combining it with sugar, giving out carbon dioxide as a by-product. - Excrete – get rid of wastes such as carbon dioxide - Respond to stimuli in the environment – such as moving towards food or growing towards light - Obtain nutrients - Die – death is when all of the above functions cease
Multicellular organisms	Organisms that have more than one cell, they carry out the characteristics of life.
Unicellular organisms	All of the functions listed above still occur, but each single cell carries out every function.
Spontaneous generation	A theory predicted that living creatures could arise from inanimate (non-living) material.
An Example of spontaneous generation	For example, it was noted that maggots would appear on rotting meat if meat was left exposed for a period of time. In 1500s this theory had been challenged, but it wasn’t until the mid 1600s that scientists suggested that the flies that visited the meat contributed to the appearance of maggots. A simple experiment proved this theory wrong, if the meat was covered, no maggots.
Who made the first compound microscope?	- Two Dutch lens makers, a father and son named Hans and Zacharias Janssen, made the first compound microscope in 1590.
What is the difference between a simple and compound microscope?	- A simple microscope uses only one lens to magnify an object. - A compound microscope enables you to use two lenses, kept at a set distance apart.
What does an effective lens require?	1.) Give an enlarged view 2.) Make the detail appear clear, giving a precise (not fuzzy), outline to the parts of the object being viewed.
What is magnification and resolution?	Magnification: The ability to enlarge an image. Resolution: The ability to show fine detail, distinguishing two very close objects as separate images. High magnification + high resolution = good quality glass.
Who was Robert Hooke?	1665: Robert Hooke produced a book, the first recorded publication to describe observations of living tissues using a microscope. This book included 57 diagrams. He used the term, ‘cell’ to describe the honeycomb elements of cork.
What was Anton Van Leeuenhoek?	- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was able to create lenses of very high quality. - He developed a simple microscope that used a single powerful lens that could magnify up to 300X. - Unfortunately, he did not record his technique so similar lenses could not be produced after his death. - He was also the first guy to view pond water. - He discovered the first microorganisms.
Who was Robert Brown?	- Robert Brown first discovered the nucleus in the cell - He identified and named the nucleus, and decided that every cell had a nucleus. - This happened in 1831
Who were Schwann and Schlieden?	1838: Schwann and Schlieden put their research together, and found out that a common basic structure for all living things had become evident.
Who discovered the first two components of the cell theory?	1839: Schwann and Schlieden published a book, which includes two conclusions that are listed today as the first two parts of the cell theory: 1.) The cell is the unit of structure for all living things. 2.) The cell exists as a distinct entity and as a building block in the construction of organisms.
Who was Rudolf Virchow?	1855: Rudolf studies led to his statement that: ‘Where a cell arises, there a cell must have previously existed’
Final statement of the cell theory	This led to the third statement of the cell theory: 3.) All cells come from pre-existing cells - This statement contradicted the theory of spontaneous generation
Who is Walter Flemming	1879: Walther Fleming confirmed Virchow’s theory and therefore mitosis was introduced.
What is Mitosis?	Mitosis: The process of cell division whereby somatic (body) cells undergo a single nuclear division, giving rise to two genetically identical daughters
When was the first electron microscope introduced?	1933: The next big breakthrough of our knowledge of cells was the advanced invention of the electron microscope. - This electron microscope means that images are produced using a beam of electrons – electrons that are made to behave like light (waves).
Who built the first microscope?	1928: Ernest Ruska and his supervisor, Max Kroll built the first electron microscope, but it only had a magnification of 17X. Ruska later continued to work, and in 1933 he built an electron microscope which had magnification up to 1200X

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	Created by Ella Britten-Jones over 6 years ago