9818057
| Question | Answer |
| Health disparity vs health inequity | health disparity/inequality: difference between population groups inequity: difference that is not only unequal but socially produced, unjust and unnecessary |
| define health inequity | difference in health outcomes between population groups that is not only unequal but socially produced, unjust and unnecessary |
| list and define 3 types of special populations | underserved populations: no access to care vulnerable population: increased susceptibility to adverse health outcomes marginalized population: decreased access to care/social resources due to social standing/stigma |
| name 3 lifecourse models | latency model - relationship between exposure at one point in the lifecourse and outcome later cumulative model - recurring exposures pathway model - exposure at one stage influences probably of later exposures |
| PHAC Determinants of Health | Biology and genetic endowment income and social status gender culture social support networks social environment healthy child development health services education and literacy employment/working conditions physical environment personal health practices and coping skills |
| 4 properties of SDOH | causal (direct & indirect) cumulative multiple levels can work both ways (health <-> SDOH) |
| What is SES | Socioeconomic status descriptive term for position of persons in society, based on combination of education, occupation and economic criteria |
| 2 gradient effects from SES differences | health increases along a gradient as affluence increases strong association between overall health of a population and the size of the SES distance between members of the population (inequality) |
| 2 explanations given for SES gradient as artifact (not believing SDOH) | 1. artifact explanation: differences are product of attempts to measure complex social entities using inadequate instruments 2. Natural/social selection (health -> SES) |
| 4 Causal gradient explanations for differences in health according to SES | health behaviours (SES ->behaviour->health) Neo-materialist (SES->resources->health) psychosocial pathways (SES->psychosocial->health) Physiologic explanation (SES->psychosocial->biological->health) |
| 4 unresolved controversies about the SES-health gradient | gradient incongruence (reverse gradient for some conditions) u-shaped curve (etoh, weight) feasibility of reducing gap/gradient resource allocation |
| Health promotion 5 A's for behaviour change | ask advise assess assist arrange |
| what is the health beliefs model | behaviour best understood if beliefs about health are clear People will act if they believe: consequences are severe they are susceptible actions are beneficial benefits outweigh risks/barriers |
| define self-efficacy | an individual's perceived ability to carry out the recommended action based on these beliefs |
| What is the theory of reasoned action/planned behaviour? | intention to act is the key determinant of behaviour; all other factors mediated through behavioural intention |
| 6 stages of change | pre-contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance termination/relapse |
| What is social learning theory? | change is the product of the interaction between individuals and their environments |
| 5 elements of social learning theory | reciprocal determinism observational learning expectations self-efficacy self-control |
| 4 P's of social marketing | product price place promotion |
| 4 types of media for health communication campaigns | mass media small media social media interpersonal communication (campaigns that use >2, including mass media most effective) |
| 4 challenges of community development | slow resource intensive need community buy-in to take ownership relinquishing the expert role |
| what is the objective of Lalonde's Health Fields approach (High-Risk Population approach) to population health intervention? | reduce the specific risk exposure for individuals at higher risk through individual-level changes |
| What is the objective of Rose's approach (Population Approach) to population health intervention? | Shift distribution of population risk to a lower mean through environmental changes |
| What is the objective of Frohlich and Potvin's approach (Vulnerable populations) to population health intervention? | reduce the risk among socially defined groups through environmental changes |
| 6 core values of the Ottawa Charter | participation and empowerment equity holism intersectoral action sustainability multiple strategies |
| 3 strategies and 5 action areas in Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion | advocate, mediate, enable develop personal skills, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, reorient health services, build healthy public policy |
| 5 main elements of Bhatti's population health and health promotion model | level of influence (socio-ecologic model) what (SDOH) how (Ottawa Charter) evidence base values & assumptions |
| what are the fixed and modifiable attributes in the Social Ecological Model of health? | fixed attributes: age, sex, genes, constitutional modifiable influences: lifestyle, social/community networks, living/working conditions, SES/cultural/environmental |
| 3 types of social security benefits in Canada | universal policies targeted policies progressive policies |
| 3 types of health policy | public policy strategic/administrative policy operational/clinical policy |
| 2 methods of policy creation | top-down bottom-up |
| 3 types of authority for policy-making | legislative- forms policy executive - administers policy judicial - settles violation of policy |
| 5 steps in the policy cycle | understand the issue and context generate policy options select a policy implement the policy monitor and evaluate the results |
| 4 policy analysis considerations | ideas: what are the facts/values at play? institutions: who has responsibility interests: whose at stake? external factors: context |
| framework for evaluating impact of policy (policy implications framework) | SLEEEPO social legal economic ethical environmental political organizational |
| Framework for public health intervention strategies | RATEEE regulatory advocacy technological economic education environment |
| 4 A's of preventive policies | availability affordability advertising/appeal age |
| 4 types of policy analysis | monitoring social conditions explaining social conditions forecasting social conditions evaluating social conditions |
| 3 overarching recommendations from the WHO commission on the SDOH | measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action improve daily living conditions tackle inequitable distribution of power, money, resources |
| consequences of social stratification from WHO commission on SDOH | social stratification = differential exposure differential susceptibility differential consequences |
| define food security | when all people at all times have (physical and economic) access to sufficient, safe, nutritious and culturally acceptable foods to maintain a healthy and active life |
| 4 domains of food INsecurity that would affect health | quantitative - insufficient amounts of food qualitative - insufficient quality psychological - stress social - obtaining foods through ways lacking dignity (food banks) |
| 3 pillars of food security | availability - sufficient quantities access - sufficient resources to obtain Use - nutrition/cooking knowledge, water and sanitation |
| 3 types of factors that increase food prices | Demand Supply Other - financial speculation, commodity index funds, food for fuel, gas price increases, trade liberalization, distorted global rice market |
| Food security intervention continuum (3) | emergency and short-term strategies (food banks) capacity building (gardening, social support network building) systems change strategies (food policy organizations, income/affordable housing) |
| How many homeless people are there estimated to be in Canada | 200,000-300,000 |
| who makes up the majority of homeless people in Canada | Used to be majority middle-aged males but now women and children fastest growing subgroup |
| Risk factors for homelessness (5) | poverty mental illness substance abuse family conflict/abuse transition from institutionalized care |
| Social causes of homelessness (3) | lack of low-income housing deinstitutionalization of mentally ill cuts to social assistance |
| 3 concepts underpinning Housing First | housing is a basic human right homeless individuals' first and primary need is stable housing harm reduction, social and community integration |
| Elements of Healthy Build Environment (4) | HEAP Housing Eating Activity Pollusion |
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