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Oral Com Review

mare tennan oral communication English 105 cards

Oral Com Review

Cards in this deck (105)

  1. 1WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person
    to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). There is
    a wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication can be manifested; it can be a
    face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter
    correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.
  2. 2Nature of Communication1. Communication is a process.
    2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
    3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both
    spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.
  3. 3Elements of CommunicationSPEAKER
    MESSAGE
    ENCODING
    CHANNEL
    DECODING
    RECEIVER
    FEEDBACK
    CONTEXT
    BARRIER
  4. 4the source of information or messageSPEAKER
  5. 5the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actionsmessage
  6. 6the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understandsencoding
  7. 7the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyedchannel
  8. 8the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiverdecoding
  9. 9the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the messagereceiver
  10. 10the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiverfeedback
  11. 11the environment where communication takes placecontext
  12. 12the factors that affect the flow of communicationbarrier
  13. 13Process of CommunicationThe speaker generates an idea.
    The speaker encodes an idea or converts
    the idea into words or actions.
    The speaker transmits or sends out a
    message.
    The receiver gets the message.
    The receiver decodes or interprets the
    message based on the context.
    The receiver sends or provides feedback.
  14. 14Models of CommunicationShannon-Weaver Model
    TRANSACTION MODEL
  15. 15Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, it is a twoway process with the inclusion of feedback as one element.the Transaction Model
  16. 16Known as the mother of all communication models, this model (1949) depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five elements: a source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and a destination.the Shannon-Weaver model
  17. 17This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in the communication process: feedback. Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether the receiver understands the message or not.the Shannon-Weaver Model
  18. 18give the process in the shannon-weaver modelgive the process in the shannon-weaver model
  19. 19give the process in the transaction modelgive the process in the transaction model
  20. 20Functions of CommunicationBasically, there are five functions of communication.
    These are control, social interaction,
    motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.
  21. 21Communication functions to control behaviorcontrol
  22. 22Communication allows individuals to interact with othersSocial Interaction
  23. 23Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.Motivation
  24. 24Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.Emotional expression
  25. 25Communication functions to convey informationInformation dissemination
  26. 26Features of an Effective Communication In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. This list is widely used today, especially in public relations and advertising.Completeness
    conciseness
    correctness
    courtesy
    cleaness
    concreteness
    consideration
  27. 27it is a feature of communication To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience.consideration
  28. 28a feature of communication Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is more connected to the message conveyed.concreteness
  29. 29The speaker shows what in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers? Being courteous at all times creates a positive impact on the audience.courtesy
  30. 30____________ in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.CLEARNESS
  31. 31____________ in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.correctness
  32. 32_____________ communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/ her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.Complete (completeness)
  33. 33____________________does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the recipient.Conciseness
  34. 34BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATIONBARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
  35. 35refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message. For effective and successful verbal communication, use words to express ideas which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to.Verbal Communication
  36. 36what do you consider in engaging verbal communicationappropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and
    vividness when engaging in this type of communication.
  37. 37The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal).appropriateness
  38. 38Speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible. Try to achieve _____ by being more direct with your words. Avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to the message, such as “uh,” “you know,” “I guess,” and others.Brevity
  39. 39The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your message and express your ideas and feelings.clarity
  40. 40Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to.ethics
  41. 41Words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication. Hence, you are encouraged to find ways to charm your audience through the use of vivid words.vividness
  42. 42refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as _______________non-verbal communication
  43. 43Examples of nonverbal communicationstares, smiles, tone of voice,
    movements, manners of walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude towards
    time and space, personality, gestures, and others.
  44. 44Mastery of nonverbal communication is important for what reasons?1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more meaningful,
    truthful, and relevant.
    2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a word.
    3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
    4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.
    5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.
    6. It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.
    7. It helps make your speech more dramatic.
    8. It can build a connection with listeners.
    9. It makes you a credible speaker.
    10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.
  45. 45__________________ happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgroundsIntercultural Communication
  46. 46For some scholars,______________ pertains to communication among people from different nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003). Still, others look at ___________________________ as communication that is influenced by different ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientations.Intercultural Communication
  47. 47intercultural communication is what?is the sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures
  48. 48what are the stages of The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (in order)denial
    defense
    minimization
    acceptance
    adaptation
    integration
  49. 49what was the famous quote made by Edward T. Hall?"The essence of effective cross-cultural
    communication has more to do with releasing the right responses than with sending the ‘right’
    message.”
  50. 50The individual does not recognize cultural differences. what stage is this?denial 1
    An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:
    “All cities are the same; they all have tall buildings, fast food chains, and coffee shops.”
  51. 51The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for the new one. what stage is this?defense 2
    An individual in the defense stage might be heard saying:
    “This culture does not view life the way we do; our culture is certainly better.”
    “Their ways are better than my own; I wish I were one of them.”
  52. 52Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences. what stage is this?MINIMIZATION 3
    An individual in the minimization stage might be heard saying:
    “Once we see through the cultural differences, we really are just the same!”
  53. 53The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values. (what stage is this?)ACCEPTANCE 4
    An individual in the acceptance stage might be heard saying:
    “These people and I have different values and experiences, and I think we can learn from one
    another.”
  54. 54Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints. (what stage is this?)INTEGRATION 6
    An individual in the integration stage might be heard saying:
    “I can look at things from the perspective of various cultures.”
  55. 55The individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives.ADAPTATION 5
    An individual in the adaptation stage might be heard saying:
    “To address our issue, I have to adjust my approach to consider both my own and my
    counterpart’s background.”
  56. 56Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
    2. reflectiveness or mindfulness
    3. open-mindedness
    4. sensitivity
    5. adaptability
    6. ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking (or
    thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each other)
    7. politeness
  57. 57other elements such as gender, age, social status, and religion must also be taken into consideration when communicating with others1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a certain group.
    2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and “man” to refer to a general group of people.
    To remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or rewrite a sentence to avoid using pronouns.
    The use of his/her is also acceptable.
    3. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly.
    4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.
    5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social class than
    you.
  58. 58This refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. “The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others.”INTRAPERSONAL
  59. 59You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from the other class talked to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing. • You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for submitting your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT?AN INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
  60. 60This refers to communication between and among people and establishes personal relationship between and among them.INTERPERSONAL
    Solomon and Theiss (2013) state that “the
    inter part of the word highlights how interpersonal communication connects people… when
    you engage in interpersonal communication, you and another person become linked together…
    The personal part means that your unique qualities as a person matter during interpersonal
    communication…” (p. 5)
  61. 61Types of Interpersonal ContextDYAD COMMUNICATION
    SMALL GROUP
  62. 62This refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal. In this type of communication, all participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open discussionsMALL GROUP
    Example:
    • You are participating in an
    organizational meeting which aims
    to address the concerns of your
    fellow students.
    • You are having a discussion with
    your group mates on how to finish
    the assigned tasks.
  63. 63communication that occurs between two peopledYAD COMMUNICATION
    Example:
    • You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
    • You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
  64. 64This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes.PUBLIC
    “In public
    communication, unlike in interpersonal
    and small group, the channels are more
    exaggerated. The voice is louder and the
    gestures are more expansive because the
    audience is bigger. The speaker might use
    additional visual channels such as slides
    or a Power Point presentation.”
    EX. GRADUATION SPEECH
  65. 65This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.MASS COMMUNICATION
    EX.
    You are a student journalist articulating
    your stand on current issues through
    the school’s newspaper.
  66. 66Types of Speech Stylethere are five speech styles. These are (1) intimate, (2) casual,
    (3) consultative, (4) formal, and (5) frozen
  67. 67This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public.INTIMATE
  68. 68This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used.CASUAL
  69. 69This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.Consultative
  70. 70This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.FORMAL
  71. 71This style is “__________” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.FROZEN
  72. 72is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. _________________might contain just one word or several words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and “Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it” both show appreciation regardless of the length of the statement.sPEECH ACT
  73. 73According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context. These are:LOCUTIONARY ACT
    ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
    PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
  74. 74is the actual act of uttering.Locutionary act
    “Please do the dishes.”
  75. 75is the social function of what is said.Illocutionary act
    By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the speaker requests the
    addressee to wash the dishes.
  76. 76is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.Perlocutionary act
    "Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the dishes.
  77. 77In this manner, verbs that execute the speech act that they intend to effect are called __________PERFORMATIVES
  78. 78________________by the right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world. Note that certain conditions have to be met when making a performative utterance.A PERFORMATIVES UTTERANCE
  79. 79For example, the phrase “I now pronounce you husband and wife,” when uttered by an authorized person such as a judge will have the actual effect of binding a couple in marriage.However, if the same
    statement is uttered to the same couple in the same
    place by someone who is not authorized to marry
    them—as in the case of the accompanying picture, a
    robot—then there is no effect whatsoever because a
    condition was not met.
  80. 80Searle’s Classifications of Speech ActAssertive
    Directive
    Commissive
    Expressive
    Declaration
  81. 81is essential for a speaker to be able to use and understand speech acts.Communicative competence
  82. 82a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.Declaration
    Example:
    You are fired!
    By saying that someone is fired, an employer causes or brings about the person’s
    unemployment, thus changing his external situation.
  83. 83a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.Expressive
    Example:
    I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work.
  84. 84a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.Commissive
    Example:
    From now on, I will participate in our group activity.
  85. 85a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.Directive
    Example:
    Please close the door.
  86. 86a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding.Assertive
    Example:
    No one makes better pancakes than I do.
  87. 87types of dyadic communicationConversation
    Dialogue
    Interview
  88. 88Types of InterviewPress Interview
    Job/performance Appraisal
    Counseling Interview
    Grievance Interview
    Correction Interview
    Sales Interview
    Exit Interview
  89. 89types of Small GroupPanel Discussion
    Symposium
    Forum
    Committee/ conference meeting (hometoom)
    Debate
  90. 90this is a type of Dyadic Communication that is a common, less serious, and informal to entertain and is less purposiveConversation
  91. 91more formal and is the kind of communication that gives a clear meaning to the 2 individuals of some certain obstaclesDialogue
  92. 92a type of dyadic communication that requires questions and answers -is intentional/ an accomplishment is needed or expectedInterview
  93. 93main purpose is to exchange facts and ideas and date in order to review a certain problem. Can be seen on tvPRess interview
  94. 94it intends to assess the job performance of an individual for purposes of application or promotion. -applying for a job or evaluating your credentialsjob/ performance appraisal
  95. 95aimed to change undesirable behaviorCounseling Interview
  96. 96is used to improve problem situationsGrievance Interview
  97. 97more like a counseling interview but more personalCorrection interview
  98. 98accepts solutions or makes a sale (mostly found on Business Sectors)sales interview
  99. 99identifies reason for leaving or makes goodwillExit Interview
  100. 100a free discussion 3-8 members not more than 12 to discuss a topic for the benefit of an audience.Panel Discussion
  101. 101a series of short speeches delivered by 3-5 members (knowledgeable persons) before an audienceSymposium
  102. 102Small group communication that requires full participation of the audienceforum
  103. 103a type of group communication that requires at least 10 persons to meet without a designated leader and an audienceCommittee/ conference meeting
  104. 104an argument between a supporting affirmative and opposing negativeDebate
  105. 105types/forms of debatejudicial, parliamentary/legistative, political, and academic

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oral communication Flashcards on Oral Com Review, created by mare tennan on 21/08/2017.
Created by
mare tennan · Aug 2017
Updated
Aug 21, 2017
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