99435
Description
Flashcards by katy.lynock, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by katy.lynock
almost 11 years ago
|
|
| Question | Answer |
| Animal Testing 6 | Legal requirement for ALL chemicals and formulations not for natural products Thalidomide tragedy = caused more stringent testing Limited successes in validating alternate tests using cell cultures.bacterial cells Pharmacological industry wants to - expensive to maintain animal colonies and security Need several test subjects - not all respond the same way, some dont work |
| Ethical Issues of GM Animals 7 | Deontological - unnatural Consequentialist - safety/gene spread Suffering wastage - in GM procedures Consequentialist/deontological - violation of the animals intrinsic value/telos commodification of animal if patented greater public concern over animal rights |
| Signer Limitations 8 | Sentienence is hard to define Problematics of invertebrates with different nervous systems (cephlapods) All organisms respond to adverse stimuli - why not microbes/plants Pain ONLY valid moral interon Human experiments offend human dignity UK allows such experiments on embryos <14 days How to get enough non-sentient humans? Disabled groups disgruntled |
| Regan 6 | Deontological arguments about animals - prob with reciprocal duties Regan - moral duty to avoid inflicting any suffering on those animals which are "THE SUBJECT OF LIFE" eg self-awareness, memory, anticipation Where is the line between life-subjects and non-subjects Works for vertebrates but not invertebrates |
| Problems of Telos 7 | Fuzzy context - allowable changes than into unacceptable violations of telos eg Turkeys cannot breed naturally anymore and need artificial insemination Don't waste energy on reproductive behaviour Prolactin gene is knocked out Sentienence - telos mostly for mammals, but what about invertebrates Adopt telos = ban successful oncomice Influencial in ethical decisions |
| How Should We Treat Animals 6 | Worthy of moral concern? All animals have equal worth? Self-awareness/sentience too anthropocentric Where is the boundary of our concern? Limits of ownership/exploitation? If animals have no duties for human. |
| The DICK Rene Dayhart 3 | 18th Century See animals as machines Vivisection on live animals |
| Peter Singh 8 | Consequentialist Sentient animals feel pain - suffering on par with humans Sufferer's species is irrelevant Pain only valid moral consideration Cannot balance potential of benefit against actual suffering Experiments only justified when they benefit the animals in question Humans should be prepared to experiment on own kind Animals only provide a rough approx of human pharmacology |
| Problems of AAT Tracy 6 | Tracy the sheep not from scrapie - free certified flock Prion containment Plan to start again with scrapie free sheep from NZ Investors pulled out Patent bought by Farming Limited - not doing anything Other recombinant human proteins in animal milk in phase 1-3 trials. |
| Transgenic Chicken Eggs 5 | Lose genes unaccountably Egg white natural conc solution of egg-white protein Protein expression to oviduct under oestrogen control =large quantities harvested from egg white Still transgenic but yield v high |
| Xenotransplantation Technology 4 | Can induce Hyperacute rejection (HAR) - activates complement Human transplants don't cause HAR Pig organs - similar size GM pig express human gene for complement = inactivating factor/delete genes for pig-specific ag |
| Xenotransplantation Ethical/Safety Issues 6 | Zoonotic diseases - Probable Endodrenous Retrovirus sequence PERVs Longer-term immune rejection - risky treatment with immunosuppresive drugs Telos issues - pigs in unnatural sterile envi Pigs ritually unclean for Jews and Muslims No human trials authorised Xeno used as stop gap before human transplant? |
| Transgenic Marmosets 5 | 1st transgenic primate - carries green fluorescent protein 91 injected marmoset zygotes = 80 healthy embryos - 5 live births 6% success rate GFp was expressed in many tissues - seen in UV Heritable |
| GM Mosquito 4 | Radiation sterilised males Too weak to mate Have 'suicide' dominant lethal gene - can complete with wt for mating = decrease in mosquito pop First trails successful |
| Ethics Animal Rights 6 | Human right to exploit animals Animals have rights Ever moral to inflict suffering Patenting/ownership of GM animals Should we farm anything at all Duty to look after animals |
| Ethics Interfering in Evolution 4 | Long-term consequences not predictable Possibility of foreign genes escaping into non-GM populations by interbreeding Do genomes have rights? - muddying the river Religious objection - God's creation |
| Telos 3 | Aristotle The pigness of a pig - Intrinsic values Species maladaptive to envi due to humans eg climate change |
| Antitrypsin (AAT) and Tracy 4 | AAT for lung conditions, eg Emphysaema, cystic fibrosis Smoked and miners (elderly) Tracy sheep - only real success Produced 35g per litre, others produced milligrams |
| Limitations of telos 3 | Species telos or individual telos? Non-animal and non-sentient organisms also have telos A difference between modified telos and violating telos |
| Mouse shiverer Mutant 5 | Shiverer defect - caused by partial deletion of both myelin basic proteins (MBP) Lack of MBP in shi/shi mice means that nerves aren't properly properly insulated from each other = mouse shivers Microinject wild-type MBP gene into shi/shi mutant zygotes - germ-line therapy for mice - doesn't work in high % of cases Inefficient = not used for people |
| Oncomouse Overview 6 | Target cancer to one particular tissue Activated cancer-causing gene (human ras1) fused to promotor of rat elastase 1 gene Mostly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells Fusion gene microinjected into mouse eggs Transgenic mice develop cancer in exocrine acinar tissue of pancreas Cancer targeted genetically as tissue-specific promotor |
| Oncomouse Advantages 2 | :) Genetically uniform populations all with specific cancer Saves waste and suffering of many mice, so fewer mice needed |
| Oncomouse Disadvantages 6 | :( Utilitarian arguments Mice 'lowest status ever given to an animal in the history of European ethics' Instrumental animal use Intentional animal cruelty Violation of telos Natural cancers not uniform = unrealistic models Treatment of pancreatic cancers - this is not realistic as this model shows only one genetic route |
| GM Mouse Disease Models 6 | Sharp increase in the use of GM mice Main increase in use of Knock-out mice - gene orthologs with by-roles in human disease Lengthy procedure :( KO mice suffer disease and suffer untested therapies |
| Manufacture of Drug Proteins Technology 6 | Roslin/PPL method - fuses human gene to sheep milk protein gene promotor Inject fusion construct into sheep eggs Ewes secrete biologically active protein in their milk Rams used to breed more GM sheep Improved by cloning and cell culture Erithroprotein (Epo), Alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT), Clotting factors 8/9 (CF8/9) |
| Manufacture Drug Proteins Ethical Issues 5 | Waste of sheep zygotes: spontaneous abortion of some GM animals A lot die after birth Fetuses oversized = discomfort/caesarium = suffering of lambs/ewes Privileged but unnatural life |
| Animal Transgenic Technology Microinjection 2 | Microinjection of DNA into gonad eg C.elegans or fertilised egg/zygote eg vertebrates Works best before pronuclei fuse |
| Animal Transgenic Technology Transposons 1 | Transposons used - DNA moves around genome in germ-line cell only |
| Animal Transgenic Technology Electoporation and Sperm tech. 5 | Novel DNA carried on by sperm cells in vitro fertilisation - variant success as not sure what it works Electroporation of eggs - place eggs in DNA solution Too large and too small holes in egg is a problem Place eggs in DNA solution Electrifying pulses for holes |
| Animal Transgenesis 7 | Growth/product enhancement Correct genetic defects in mutant strains Fuse receptor genes to promotors of interest Mouse modes of human genetic diseases Secrete human proteins, usually in milk <10% express gene <1% have high expression |
| Growth-Enhanced Animals Mice 5 | Works well in mice Rat growth hormone gene switched on in liver Usual in pituratory gland More effect as liver is a bigger organ x6 increase in growth rate |
| Growth Enhancement Animals Pigs 6 | Pig reached physiological limit of growth rate Side effects - arthritis, lethargy,diabetes (pigs) Beltsville GM pigs - lots of growth defects Infertile Had to be put down Increase in lean meat to fat |
| GM Fish Salmon 5 | Salmon in W. Canada Inescapable farm on W. Coast Make them infertile = no interbreeding? Key motive only profit? What about competition for the other fishermen and non-GM salmon farmers |
| GM Fish Tilapia 7 | Bangladesh Poor regulation of fish farming No one against cheap GM fish Major dietary shortage of protein High likelihood of escape due to floods Sterile GM fish - safer but farms at mercy of W. suppliers Altruistic - relieve starvation |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.