1 The Universe and the solar system

Annotations:

• Is the collection of heavenly bodies, material and energy found in the space

1. Cosmogony

   Annotations:

   • It's a collection of mythological beliefs that propose that the universe was created from nothing by beings with infinite powers.
2. Scientific explanation
   1. Big Bang 13700 Million years ago

      Annotations:

      • http://artigoo.com/curiosidades-de-la-ciencia-la-huella-del-big-bang
      1. Big Crunch
      2. Big Rip
         1. Oscillating Universe Theory

            Annotations:

            • It proposes that after the Big Crunch there will be another Big Bang and it will continue like that successively

1. Galaxies

   Annotations:

   • Galaxies are large groups of stars, nebulae and interstellar  dust. Gravity joins them together. 
   1. Stars

      Annotations:

      •  Stars are large spheres of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium). Stars emit light and energy. The colour of a star depends on its surface temperature:
      1. Planetary System

         Annotations:

         • The Solar System is made up of a star (the Sun) and all the celestial bodies  that orbit it.
         1. Stars

            Annotations:

            • Stars are large spheres of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium). Stars emit light and energy.
            1. Size
               1. Dwarf
               2. Medium
               3. Giants
            2. Colour

               Annotations:

               • The colour is defined by its surface temperature. The star change it colour until all the hidrogen is USED UP and the star dies. Violet- BlueBlueWhiteWhite-YellowYellow  The Sun OrangeRed
            3. Brightness

               Annotations:

               • Varies according to : a) How far away it is b )Quantity of energy c) It's Size
         2. Planets

            Annotations:

            • Revolution Rotation
            1. Inner Planets

               Annotations:

               • They are small, have very little or no atmosphere and have a rocky surface. MERCURY VENUS, EARTH, MARS Earth’s atmosphere has greenhouse gases. As a result, the average temperature is 15 ºC. There is water in its three states and it's the only planet where we know there is life.
            2. Outer Planets

               Annotations:

               • They are very large and have a gaseosus atmosphere. They are surrounded by rings and their surface is in gaseous or liquid state JUPITER, SATURN, NEPTUNE, URANUS. 
               1. Movements of planets
                  1. Rotation

                     Annotations:

                     • Rotation is the movement of a planet on its axis. The time it takes for a planet to complete a full rotation on its axis is called a solar day. Earth 24 hours Venus 243 days on Earth The rotation of most planets is anticlockwise. The Earth's axis is Tilted thanks to a meteorite........ Ver comienzo de Terra, la película de nuestro planeta. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7RURP4WdQA&t=3707s
                  2. Revolution

                     Annotations:

                     • is the movement of the planets around the Sun in an ANTICLOCKWISE direction 1year: Earth=365 days 1 year in Neptune= 164.8 years in earth 
         3. Satellites

            Annotations:

            • They are  of astros without light that turn arround a planet
         4. Comets

            Annotations:

            • Little pieces of rock, gas and ice with an oval orbit around the sun
         5. Asteroids

            Annotations:

            • They are solid and irregular heavenly bodies smaller than a planet and bigger than a meteoride  that orbit arround a star
         6. Meteorites

            Annotations:

            • Small heavenly bodies (smaller than asteroid) that orbit arround the sun.
            1. Differences between Meteorites, meteoroids and Meteor

               Annotations:

               • https://www.nationalgeographic.es/espacio/meteoroides-meteoros-y-meteoritos
         7. Shooting Stars

            Annotations:

            •  falling stars or shooting stars are  caused by tiny bits of dust and rock called Meteoroids  falling into the Earth's atmosphere and burning up. ...
         8. Our solar system
            1. Dwarf planets

               Annotations:

               • They are espheric they share their orbit with other similar planets (small) Pluto, Ceres Make Make and  Eris Their orbit is still full of meteorites
            2. Asteroids belt

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               • Between Mars and Jupiter. There are thousand of asteroids
            3. Kuiper's Belt

               Annotations:

               • It's a zone of the solar system 20 times larger than the Asteroid belt, that includes Neptune's orbit. There are dwarf planets like Pluto and Eris and comets such as Halley's. Their orbits take less than 200 years. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/
            4. Oort's Cloud

               Annotations:

               • It's a spherical region around the solar system farther than the kuiper belt. In this cloud there are comets with an orbit period more than 200 years.
   2. Nebulae

      Annotations:

      • Nebulae are large clouds of gas made up of hydrogen, helium and interstellar dust. Stars form and are destroyed inside nebulae.
      1. Dust
      2. Gas
   3. About Galaxies
      1. kind
         1. Young
            1. Eliptical
            2. Lenticular
            3. Irregular

               Annotations:

               • Una galaxia irregular es una galaxia que no encaja en ninguna clasificación de galaxias de la secuencia de Hubble. Son galaxias sin forma espiral, lenticular ni elíptica. Algunas galaxias irregulares son pequeñas galaxias espirales distorsionadas por la gravedad de un vecino mayor. En ellas hay mucho polvo estelar y gas y pocas estrellas porque aún se están formando
               1. Spiral is the most common
         2. Old
            1. Spiral
            2. Barred Spiral
               1. Spiral is the most common
      2. Our Galaxy: The Milky Way or Camino de Santiago

         Annotations:

         • The stars we see at night are part of the Milky Way. Each star is at a different distance from the Earth. We group stars into patterns and shapes called constellations.
         1. Spiral Galaxy

            Annotations:

            • HALO: Surrounds the core and the disk and contains isolated stars DISK: Is formed by four arms and contains the YOUNGEST STARS. NUCLEUS O BULGE: Is the center of the galaxy and is formed by the oldest stars
      3. CLUSTER (SECTOR)

         Annotations:

         • Galaxies group together. When these groups of galaxies are very large we call them CLUSTERS O SECTORES OUR CLUSTER IS CALLED "THE LOCAL GROUP"

Annotations:

• The Universe is so immense that in order to measure distances between galaxies, we need to use different units of measurement

1. Astronomical Unit 150000000 km 1 UA is the distance between Sun and Earth
2. Light Year 300000 Km/s
3. Parsec= 3.26 Light year

   Annotations:

   • Este curioso -aunque laborioso estudio-, que se encuentra en el sitio web TOR con todo lujo de detalles, llega a una conclusión pasmosa: la velocidad que puede alcanzar el Halcón Milenario es de 25.000 años luz por día, lo que serían unos 1.041,66 años luz por hora.

1. Geocentric

   Annotations:

   • The Earth is spherical and is the centre of the Universe. ❚ The Sun, the Moon and the planets revolve in concentric circles around the Earth. ❚ The stars are fixed on a dome that also revolves around the Earth
2. Heliocentric

   Annotations:

   • ❚ The Sun does not move and is in the centre of the Universe. ❚ All the planets revolve around the Sun in concentric circles. ❚ The Earth rotates on its axis and the Moon revolves around the Earth. ❚ The stars are fixed on a dome that does not move.
3. Actually

   Annotations:

   • From the 17th century onwards, scientists like Johannes Kepler,  proved that planets have elliptical orbits, and we now know that the Sun is not fixed in the centre of the Universe. The Sun is in a galaxy called the Milky Way, which is one of billions of galaxies.

Annotations:

• https://htwins.net/scale2/ La simulación que vimos en de lo más grande a lo más pequeño