ACTION RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH

1. CHARACTERISTICS

   • Teaching and learning
   • Direct invervention
     • Limited control
   • Taking an action
   • Observation
   • Reflective model of research
   • Elliott
     • Eploratory Approach
     • Interprets
       • Beliefs
       • Values
       • Interactions
       • Decisions
     • Uses
       • Direct simple language
     • Analyzes
       • Human actions
       • Social Situations
   • Cohen & Manion
     • Situational action research
     • Solution of problems
     • Specific context
   • Kemmis & McTaggart
     • Made by teachers
     • Collaborative
       • Critically and informed action
         • Improvement
         • Evaluating
     • Change the system
     • Aimed at changing things
   • Other views
     • Not neccessarily
       • Collaborative
       • Result in change

2. STAGES

   • Classic developmental
     • Plan of action
       • Improve
       • Identify problem
     • Act to implement
     • Effects
       • Reflect
       • Observe
   • Cohen & Manion
     • 1. Problem
       • Identification
       • Evaluation
       • Formulation
     • 2. Preliminary discussion
       • Draft proposal
     • 3.Research
       • Literature
       • Comprobable studies
     • 4. Formulation of hypothesis
     • 5.Selection
       • Research procedures
       • Allocation of resources
       • Materials and methods
     • 6. Choice of evaluation
     • 7. Project implementation
       • Data collection & analysis
       • Monitoring
       • Feedback
     • 8. Data interpretation
   • Nunan
     • Teacher himself
       • Real problem
     • Data collected
     • Results

3. PURPOSES

   • Learning
     • Learners
       • Questions made
       • Students' preferences
     • Teaching effectiveness
       • Simple observation
       • Specific immediate outcome
       • Methods
         • Free ranging
         • Less rigorous
   • Monitoring & evaluating innovation
     • Evaluate
     • Introduce innovation
     • Indirect evaluation

4. CRITICISMS

   • No generalizable knowledge
   • Don't provide
     • Facts
     • Universal truths
   • Reliability
     • Validity
     • Replicability
     • Consistence of collection data

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