UNIT 39

UNIT 39

1. 1. Introduction

2. 2. Text & discourse

3. 3. Text Analysis

   • 3.1. Helena Monfries
     • Guide of questions as a starting point of text analysis. 1. Subject/topic 2. What's the author is tryindo to do? ONDEAD los text types: Narrative Descriptive Expository Argumentative Dialogical 3. Is there anything that strikes you in the text? 4. Manner/Tone 5. Language 6. Sentence 7.Structure/vocabulary? 8. Mood / viewpoint?** 9. Idea original/amusing/shocking? 10. Which part of the text is important/main thought? 11. Examples from the text? 12. Descritive text? 13. Historical? 14. Argumentative text/thesis statement/support by examples/use of antithesis?
     • Three different types of viewpoint: 1. Temporal point of view 2. Ideological point of view (direct/less direct) 3. Psychological or perceptual point of view. (internal/external) **Internal psychological point of view= ominiscient narrator
   • A. Crystal & Davy's
     • Crystal and Davy's approach to stylistic analysis is that any use of language displays/shows certain features that we first we must allocate them to a particular linguistic levels and then we must assign them to one stylistic category to analyse a text. 
     • 4 definitions term "Style"
       • 1 y 2 descriptive (1. individual uniqueness and 2. general description of a group of people at one time). 3. Evaluative: the effectiveness of a mode of expression (good manners/high breeding) 4. Mixed approach, overlapping/superposition of the other  three approaches (descriptive and evaluative).
       • Style always involvesan appreciation of contrast between alternatives. Style may then be seen as the selection of a set of linguistic features from all the possibilities in a language.
       • Crystal and Davy's analysis deals just with the first and the second description of Style (the descriptive approach) excluding evaluative and mixed approach(literary language
     • 1. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
       • 1.1. PHONETIC/GRAPHETIC LEVEL
         • Phonetics
           • Phonetics: physical properties of speech sounds
         • Graphetics
           • Graphetics: is the branch of linguistics concerned with the analysis of the physical properties of the symbols that constitute writing systems.
           • Despite there being just 26 (anis) letters/graphemes there are 44 (cocos) phonemes.. But it also important to take into account SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES when analysing a text: tone, stress, pitch range, pause, loudness, speed, rhythmicality, tension.
       • 1.2. PHONOLOGICAL/GRAPHOLOGICAL LEVEL
         • Phonology
           • is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules which organise sounds converting this into a language system.
           • Despite there being just 26 graphemes (smallest unit in a writing system) -que huelen a anis 26-; there are 44 phonemes in English -que suenan como 44 cocos chocando- 
           • But, apart from the 26 graphemes and the 44 phonemes, it is also important to take into account SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES: tone, stress, pitch range = tone (lanzamiento=pitch), pause, loudness, speed, rhythmicality, tension.
         • Graphology/graphemics
           • Graphemics: is the branch of linguistics concerned with writing and print signs as systems of language.
           • The basic components of a writing system are called graphemes (in ENglish 26 units that constitutes the alphabet)
           • As graphemes may or may not correspond to phonemes (44 cocos) of the spoken language, other graphemes that are included in the writing system are: special symbols such as: $% and the punctuation marks as: space, full stop, semi-colon; hyphen, - en dash - em dash -, quotation marks, apostrophe 
       • 1.3. GRAMMATICAL LEVEL
         • 1.Inter-sentence relationship
           • ellipsis, reference, concord, lexical cohesion, conjuncts, prosodic features, indirect-speech...
         • 2.Sentence typology
           • simple
           • multiple
             • compound
             • complex
         • 3.Clause typology
           • subject /predicate
         • 4.Group typology
           • nominal/verb group
         • 5.Word typology
           • closed/open classes
           • numerals and interjections
           • unique function
         • 6. Grammatical categories 8
           • Las 8 "grammatical categories" pivotan de forma mágica: PersonIVoiceOTenseANumber de forma...MoodAspectGenderICaseA
       • 1.4. LEXICAL LEVEL/ TYPOLOGY
         • Affixation
         • compounding
         • conversion
         • truncation/clipping = cutting
         • blending-joining-portmanteau: cyberspace
           • joining two parts after clipping. Smog: smoke and fog. Brunch: breakfast and lunch
         • acronyms
         • abbreviations
         • backformation
         • reduplicatives
         • eponym
         • onomatopoeic/onomatopoeia
         • coinage
         • borrowing / loanwords
       • 1.5. SEMANTIC LEVEL / TYPOLOGY
     • 2. STYLISTIC ANALYSIS. 8 dimensions
       • el análisis estilístico SuPiMoS iMPeDirlo Todos. StatusUProvince -professional activity/knowledgeIModality = PurposeOSingularityIMediumParticipationEDialectIRLOTimeODOD
       • STATUS -social standing-
       • PROVINCE - Professional activity(knowledge
       • Modality - Purpose
       • Singularity - linguistic idiosyncrasy
       • Medium - speech or writing
       • Participation - monologue/dialogue
       • Dialect - geographical origin
       • Time - diachronic information
   • B. Leech & Short
     • 1. LEXICAL CATEGORIES
       • General
       • Nouns
       • adjectives
       • Verbs
       • Adverbs
     • 2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
       • Sentence type
       • Sentence complexity
       • Clause type
       • Clause structure
       • Noun Phrases
       • Verb Phrases
       • Word Classes
       • General
     • 3. FIGURES OF SPEECH
       • Grammatical and lexical schemes
       • Phonological schemes
       • Tropes
     • 4. COHESION AND CONTEXT
       • Grammatical cohesion
         • Substitution
           • Nominal (one/the same)
           • verbal (do)
           • clausal (so)
         • Ellipsis
           • textual
           • Clausal
         • Reference
           • Exophoric
           • Endophoric (anaphora/cataphora)
           • Deixis (personal/temporal/space-place/discourse/social)
         • Connectors/conjunctions
       • Lexical cohesion
         • Reiteration/repetition
         • collocations
         • Meronymy (body:arm, leg, belly...)
         • Synonymy
         • Hyponymy - hyperonymy (crow-bird)

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