Pronunciation

Pronunciation

1. Phonetics

   • John Laver (2001) Its the distinctive patterns that make up the coded, conventional aspects of speech which differentiate individual words and other units of spoken language.
   • Bryan Bryan Gick, Ian Wilson, Donald Derrick (1999) Phonetics presents of the speech production system through to the point where simple vocal sounds are produced, covering the nervous system, and muscles, respiration, and phonation
   • Three Branches of Phonetics David Crystal(2003)
     • Auditory Phonetics: is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds
     • Acoustic Phonetics: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds
     • Articulatory Phonetics: is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds

2. Phonemes

   • Stanovich (1992, 1993) t as the "conscious access to the phonemic level of the speech stream and some ability to cognitively manipulate graphic representations.
   • Ball and Blachman (1991) refer to the ability to recognise that a spoken word consists of a sequence of individual sounds.
   • Kerry Hempenstall (2003) is more complex than auditory discrimination, which is the ability to perceive, for example, that cat and mat are different speech productions, or words
   • David Sacks (2003)
     • Vowels
       • vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with minimal shaping of expelled breath
     • Consonants
       • consonant sounds are created through obstruction or channeling of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal passage, variously combined

3. Suprasegmental

   • Manisha Kulshreshtha (2012) Are often used in the context of speech to make it more meaningful and effective.
   • Anthony Fox ( 2000) Is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture pattern.
   • Intonation
     • Peter Roachis (2009) The melody or music of a language. It refers to the way the voice rises and falls as we speak.
     • Michael Swan (2005)can show which parts of utterances are regarded as being background, given, common-ground material, and which parts carry the information focus.

4. Listening

   • Wong (1993) the importance of pronunciation is even more distinct when the connection between pronunciation and listening comprehension is considered. As listeners expect spoken English to follow certain patterns of rhythm and intonation, speakers need to employ these patterns to communicate effectively.
   • Varonis and Gass (1982) Get the melody of the language by listening to songs and singing them. Can reduce your accent and almost unconsciously memorise a lot of phrases in the foreign language.

5. Strategies

   • Willis (2000). Task-based learning encourages real communication in the target languagen this study concentrate on a communicative purpose.
   • Cooperative learning
     • Brown (2007) . Working together whether in groups or in pairs helps students to be relaxed. While sharing information, they can come to each other’s aid. They are aware that they work in a team to achieve a goal without feeling competitive
     • Johnson. T and Johnson (2007) Group work makes students feel more secure, less stressful and anxious because they are allowed to help one another. In cooperative activities, individuals try to find outcomes which benefit themselves and also benefit all other group members