25670605
Description
Mind Map by kathleen michel ramos perez, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by kathleen michel ramos perez
almost 6 years ago
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DEVELOPMENT OF ESP
- From its early beginnings in the 1960s until now ESP has
undergone five main phases of development. It´s usually
classified into two main categories: English for academic
purposes (EAP) and English for occupational purposes (EOP).
There is an area of activity which has been particularly important
in the development of ESP. This is the area generally known as
EST (English for Science and Technology).
- THE CONCEPT OF SPECIAL
LANGUAGE
- Register analysis was associated
in particular with the work of
Peter Strevens (Halliday, Mclntosh
and Strevens, 1964), Jack Ewer
(Ewer and Latorre, 1969) and John
Swales (1971).
- 1960s-1970s
- General English, (basic principle of English
on the topics Electrical engineering,
Biology and others) aim of the analysis
Was to identify the grammatical and
lexical features of these registers.
- The aim was to produce a
syllabus which gave high
priority to the language
forms students would
meet in their Science
studies and in turn would
give low priority to forms
they would not meet..
- They found that the school
textbooks neglected some of
the language forms commonly
found in Science texts
- The aim was to produce a
syllabus which gave high
priority to the language
forms students would
meet in their Science
studies and in turn would
give low priority to forms
they would not meet..
- Register analysis was associated
in particular with the work of
Peter Strevens (Halliday, Mclntosh
and Strevens, 1964), Jack Ewer
(Ewer and Latorre, 1969) and John
Swales (1971).
- BEYOND THE SENTENCE:
RHETORICAL OR DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
- The second phase of development
shifted attention to the level above
the sentence.
- ESP became closely
involved with the
emerging field of
discourse or
rhetorical analysis.
- Students' difficulties do
not arise from a faulty
knowledge of the
English system, but from
a lack of familiarity with
the use of English
- Register analysis now focuses
its attention on understanding.
- They learned to combine sentences in speech
to produce meaning. The research concern,
therefore, was to identify the organization
- The English in Focus series (OUP) is
a good example of this approach.
- The English in Focus series (OUP) is
a good example of this approach.
- They learned to combine sentences in speech
to produce meaning. The research concern,
therefore, was to identify the organization
- Register analysis now focuses
its attention on understanding.
- ESP became closely
involved with the
emerging field of
discourse or
rhetorical analysis.
- 1970s
- The leading lights in this movement were
Henry Widdowson in Britain and the so-called
Washington School of Larry Selinker, Louis
Trimble, John Lackstrom and Mary
Todd-Trimble in the United States.
- The second phase of development
shifted attention to the level above
the sentence.
- TARGET SITUATION
ANALYSIS
- This process is usually known as
needs analysis. However, They
prefering to take Chambers' (1980)
- The target situation
analysis stage marked a
certain 'coming of age' for
ESP.
- Learner need was
apparently placed at
the centre of the
course design process.
- It didn´t really
add anything
new to the range
of knowledge
about ESP.
- It didn´t really
add anything
new to the range
of knowledge
about ESP.
- Learner need was
apparently placed at
the centre of the
course design process.
- The target situation
analysis stage marked a
certain 'coming of age' for
ESP.
- 1980s
- This process is usually known as
needs analysis. However, They
prefering to take Chambers' (1980)
- SKILLS AND STRATEGIES
- 1980s
- The fourth stage of
ESP
- It has seen an attempt to
look below the surface and
to consider not the
language itself but the
thinking processes that
underlie language use.
- It has seen an attempt to
look below the surface and
to consider not the
language itself but the
thinking processes that
underlie language use.
- The work of Fran^oise Grellet
(1981), Christine Nuttall (1982)
and Charles Alderson and Sandy
Urquhart (1984) as having made
significant contributions to work
on reading skills.
- The present projects are National ESP
Project in Brazil and the University of
Malaya ESP Project .
- They were created to deal
with study situations in
which the medium of
instruction is the mother
tongue.
- Reading strategies.
- The skills-centered
approach
- They are common processes of reasoning and
interpretation
- It enable us to
extract meaning
from discourse
- It focused on the underlying
interpretive strategies, which allow the
student to confront the superficial
forms
- Example
- Guessing the meaning of words from context,
using visual layout to determine the type of
text, exploiting cognates (i.e. words which are
similar in the mother tongue and the target
language) etc.
- Guessing the meaning of words from context,
using visual layout to determine the type of
text, exploiting cognates (i.e. words which are
similar in the mother tongue and the target
language) etc.
- Example
- It enable us to
extract meaning
from discourse
- They are common processes of reasoning and
interpretation
- They were created to deal
with study situations in
which the medium of
instruction is the mother
tongue.
- The present projects are National ESP
Project in Brazil and the University of
Malaya ESP Project .
- 1980s
- A LEARNING-CENTRED
APPROACH
- 1980s-1985´s
- A truly valid approach to
ESP must be based on an
understanding of the
processes of language
learning.
- Fifth stage of ESP development
the learning-centred approach
- Previously Scant attention has been paid
to the last of these forces - learning.
- The concern is with
language learning.
- You cannot
just assume
that
describing and
exemplifying
what people
do with
language will
allow someone
to learn it.
- You cannot
just assume
that
describing and
exemplifying
what people
do with
language will
allow someone
to learn it.
- Previously Scant attention has been paid
to the last of these forces - learning.
- 1980s-1985´s
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