Vitamins

Vitamins

1. water-soluble vitamins

   • vitamin B3 (niacin)
     • sources
       • dairy poultry, fish, lean meat, nuts and eggs
     • functions
       • convert food to energy
       • improve blood circulation and cholesterol levels
       • reduce LDL cholesterol and triglycerides
       • raise HDL cholesterol
       • allows the synthesis of the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ for malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • pellagra
           • dermatitis
           • diarrhea
           • dementia
           • death
       • toxicity
         • hepatic damage
   • vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
     • sources
       • tuna, salmon, legumes, beaf, nuts,cereal, etc
     • functions
       • metabolism of aminoacids and glycogen
       • action in steroid hormones
       • cofactor of glycogen phosphorylase
       • synthesis of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and GABA
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • dermatitis
         • stomatitis
         • glossitis
         • depresion
         • convulsion
         • anemia
         • increase in heart disease and stroke
         • imbalances between neurotransmitters levels
       • toxicity
         • sensory neuropathy
         • peripheral neuropathy
         • skin lessons
   • vitamin B9 (folate/folic acid)
     • sources
       • orange, spinach, asparagus, garbanzo beans, bread, etc
     • functions
       • red blood cell formation, growth and function
       • develop of fetus during pregnancy
         • reduce defects on neural tube
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • megaloblastic anemia
   • vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
     • sources
       • meat, fish, shellfish, poultry, eggs, cereal, etc
     • functions
       • red blood cells formation
       • cell metabolism
       • nerve function
         • DNA synthesis of myelin-producing
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • nerve damage
           • polyneuritis
           • neuropathy
           • myelopathy
           • optic nerve atrophy
         • anemia
         • depression
         • dementia
         • poor memory
   • vitamin B1 (thiamine)
     • function
       • coenzyme of oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoacids and transcetolase
       • glucose metabolism
       • maintennace of nerve membrane function
       • syntheis of myelin and several types of neurotransmitters
       • provides energy to nerve cells
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • beriberi
         • peripheral neuritis
         • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
         • psychomotor retardation
         • lack of insight
         • impaired retentive memory and cognitive function
   • vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
     • sources
       • cereal, nuts, milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables and lean meat
     • functions
       • Synthesis of FMN and FAD
         • prosthesis groups of the oxidoreductases with function of transmitting H
       • Flavin coenzymes are electron carriers in oxidation-reduction reactions
     • deficiency
       • queilosis
       • glossitis
       • scrotitis
       • seborrheic dermatitis
   • vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
     • functions
       • synthesis of coenzyme A
         • biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
         • oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid
     • deficiency
       • paresthesia
       • Uncommon
   • vitamin B8 (biotin)
     • functions
       • acts as a coenzyme for carboxylases and decarboxylases
         • pyruvate carboxylase
           • gluconeogenesis and krebs cycle
         • urea carboxylase
           • urea metabolism
   • vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
     • sources
       • citrus juices and fruits, beans, nuts, seeds, liver, etc.
     • functions
       • antioxidant
       • maintains healthy tissue
       • helps body absorb iron
       • activates the activity of certain enzymes in vitro
       • regeneration of α-tocoferol
       • collagen and adrenaline synthesis
       • steroid synthesis
       • tyrosine degradation
       • formation of bile acids
       • bone mineral metabolism
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • scurvy
           • changes in the skin
           • fragility of blood capillaries
           • alterations of the gums
           • loss of teeth
           • bone fracture

2. fat-soluble

   • vitamin A
     • functions
       • vision
         • retinal produce rhodopsin in the retina
       • bones
       • tissue growth
         • epithelial cells
           • eyes
           • salivary glands
           • genitourinary tract
       • reproduction
       • immune system
         • stimulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation
         • activation of B-lymphocyte
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • xerophthalmia
         • night blindness
         • usually caused by
           • fat malabsorption syndromes
           • alcoholism
           • liver disease
         • increase on risk of infections
       • toxicity
         • increase in risk of birth defects
           • spontaneous abortion
           • birth defects in the fetus
         • liver abnormalities
         • reduced bone mineral density
         • usually caused by
           • over-supplementation
           • wild gamer liver consumption
           • isotretinoin therapy
         • intracranial swelling
           • headaches
           • papilledema
           • seizures
     • sources
       • meat, cheese, milk, eggs, etc
       • dark green leafy vegetables, carrots, mangoes, papayas, etc.
     • stored as retinol
   • vitamin D
     • vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
       • sources
         • salmon, tuna, mackerel, beef liver, cheese, egg yolks, etc..
     • vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
       • sources
         • sunlight exposure
     • functions
       • calcium absorption
         • regulation of transporter that move calcium across epithelial cells
       • proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
         • promotes the mineralization of osteoid in the bone
           • necessary for proper functioning of
             • neuromuscular junction
             • nerve transmission
             • secretion and actions of hormones
       • activation of osteoclasts
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • rickets
         • osteoporosis
         • usually results from
           • old age
           • immobility
           • reduced kidney function
           • dark skin
           • malabsorption syndromes
           • decreased sunlight exposure
           • obesity
         • muscle aches and weakness
         • osteomalacia
       • toxicity
         • hypercalcemia
           • polyuria, polydipsia, pruritus, and kidney stones
         • calcifications
         • arterial hypertension
         • caused by
           • excessive calcium absorption in the duodenum and distal convoluted tubule
         • gastrointestinal issues
         • bone, muscle and joint pain
   • vitamin E
     • sources
       • vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, and whole grains
     • tocopherol
     • functions
       • mainly antioxidant
         • inhibits generation of reactive species during fat oxidation
         • protects polyiunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative destruction
           • maintenance of membrane fluidity and stability
       • protects red blood cells
       • inmune function
       • DNA repair
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • principally caused by
           • fat malabsorption
           • abetolipoproteinemia
           • hypobetalipoproteinemia
         • blindness
         • memory impairment
         • arrhythmias
         • hyporeflexia
         • limb
       • toxicity
         • usually caused by
           • over-supplementation
         • inhibition of platelet aggregation
         • increase on risk of heart failure or death
   • vitamin k
     • sources
       • vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
         • green leafy vegetables, cabbage and cauliflower
         • fish, meat, and some fruits
       • vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
         • gut microflora
     • functions
       • activation of some clotting factors in liver
         • responsible of coagulation
           • clotting proteins bind calcium
             • maintenance of hemostasis
       • vitamin k1
         • as a medication,
           • prevents vitamin K deficiency
             • shortly after birth
     • pathologies
       • deficiency
         • caused by
           • antibiotic use
             • interferes with vitamin-K production in the gut
           • nutritional deficiency
           • high ingestion of vitamins and E
           • poor placental transfer
           • low content in breast milk
         • hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
           • failure to thrive
           • low birth weight
           • excessive bleeding from umbilical stump
           • mucous membranes
         • easy bleeding
         • bruising
       • toxicity
         • hemolytic anemia
         • jaundice in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia
         • liver damage
         • usually caused in
           • formula-fed infants
           • those who receive menadione injections

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