CAP 16

CAP 16

1. Addictions

   • The brain registers all pleasures in the same way, whether they originate with a psychoactive drug, a monetary reward or a satisfying meal. In the brain, pleasure has a distinct signature: the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, a cluster of nerve cells lying underneath the cerebral cortex (see illustration). Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is so consistently tied with pleasure that neuroscientists refer to the region as the brain's pleasure center.

2. Reported speech - Part 2

   • Reported questions
     • No reported speech, as perguntas tornam-se indirect questions - ou seja, a inversão entre verbo e sujeito deixa de existir (como se dá com o verbo be e os modal verbs). Da mesma forma, os auxiliares deixam de aparecer (o que ocorre com outros verbos). Os dois tipos de pergunta - Yes/No questions e Wh- questions
       • Yes/No questions
         • Em uma pergunta cuja resposta é sim ou não, elimina-se o verbo auxiliar e faz-se uso dos condi- cionais if ou whether.
           • "Do you know how the addicted brain works?" direct question
             • The doctor asked the patient if he knew how the addicted brain works. → indirect question
       • Wh- questions
         • Em perguntas abertas, elimina-se o verbo auxiliar e compõe-se a frase de acordo com a or- dem "sujeito – verbo – objeto".
           • "Where did you buy all these drugs?" direct question
             • The mother asked the girl where she had bought all those drugs. indirect question
   • Imperative
     • No reported speech, o imperativo se transforma em infinitivo. Além disso, geralmente se utilizam os verbos ask, tell ou order, dependendo da frase, que podem expressar um pedido ou uma ordem.
       • "Turn off this cell phone!"/ direct speech
         • The father told the boy to turn off that cell phone. → reported speech
   • Modal verbs
     • No reported speech, dois modal verbs passam por modificações: can, que passa a ser could, e may, que passa a ser might. Os demais modal verbs- could, should e must - permanecem inalterados.
       • "You can come in now." - direct speech
       • The principal told Henry that he could come in then. → reported speech