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1. Ing forms and infinitives

   • There are times when depending on the verb, noun or adjective the infinitive or the -ing form will be used. These prepositions can go after a verb, an adjective or a noun.
     • -ing form is used to express that you really like something. I like dancing. + infinitive expresses satisfaction with the result of an activity. I like to get up early.
       • The -ing form is used:
         • After the prepositions:
           • For example: I hate the idea of washing dishes. Odio la idea de lavar los platos.
         • As the subject of a sentence.
           • For example: Smoking is bad for your health. Fumar es malo para tu salud.

2. Comparatives and Superlatives

   • Adjectives describe qualities of nouns. Some of these qualities can vary in degree or intensity. As in Spanish, when we want to make comparisons we contrast qualities or attributes by means of adjectives in their various degrees.
     • Comparative:
       • By making comparisons, we can highlight the superiority, inferiority or equality of quality of one to another. The structure of each of these degrees of comparison is different.
       • 1. Comparatives of superiority. In superiority comparisons, the adjective, which is in the comparative form (see below), is followed by "than".
         • Example:
           • Juan runs faster than Mark.(Juan corre más rápido que Mark.)
       • Inferiority comparatives.
         • To form this type of comparison we can use the conjunctions "not as ... as" or "less ... than". In both cases, the adjective is in the positive degree.
           • Example:
             • Mark is not as fast as Juan.(Mark no corre tan rápido como Juan.)
       • Equality Comparatives
         • With the adjective in the positive degree, we use the conjunction "as ... as" to form equality comparisons.
           • Example:
             • Mark is as fast as Juan.(Mark corre tan rápido como Juan.)
       • The superlative degree
         • The superlative degree denotes quality in the highest degree and as in Spanish, “the” is used before the adjective in the superlative form (see below).
         • Example:
           • Juan is the fastest .(Juan es el más rápido.)

3. Reported Speech

   • When we want to communicate or report what another person has said, there are two ways to do it: using the direct style or the indirect style.
     • Direct Speech (El estilo directo)
       • When we want to report exactly what another person has said, we use the direct style. With this style, what the person has said is placed in quotation marks ("...") and must be word by word.
         • Example:
           • I am going to London next week,” she said.(“Voy a Londres la semana que viene,” ella dijo.)
   • Indirect style, unlike direct style, does not use quotation marks and does not need to be word-for-word. In general, when the indirect style is used, the verb tense changes.
     • Sometimes "that" is used in affirmative and negative sentences to introduce what the other person has said. On the other hand, in interrogative sentences you can use “if” or “whether”.
       • Example:
         • Present Simple
           • “He is American,” she said.
         • Past Simple
           • She said he was American.
         • Present Continuous
           • “Dan is living in San Francisco,” she said.
         • Past Continuous
           • She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
         • Past Perfect Simple
           • “We went to the movies last night,” he said.
         • Past Simple
           • He told me they had gone to the movies the night before.
   • Direct Speech
     • Indirect Speech
     • today
       • that day

4. Second Conditional

   • The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
     • if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
       • (We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing).
         • It has two uses.
           • First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.
             • If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
               • If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
                 • She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
                   • She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)
   • Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
     • If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
   • How is this different from the first conditional?
     • This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely.
       • For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real)
         • But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

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