Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics and Phonology

1. Phonetics

   • describes the way we produce sounds and the pint at which we articulate them
     • Consonants
       • Voice
         • Voiced
           • there's a vibration in the vocal fold
             • i.e /r/ as in rat
         • Voiceless
           • no vocal fold vibration
             • i.e /t/ as in tea
       • Place
         • sections that divide the vocal tract are called articulators
           • Active and Passive
         • places in the vocal fold
           • Bilabial
             • the upper and lower lips come into contact
               • /b/ as in baby
           • Labiodental
             • the lower lip (labial) and the upper teeth (dental) come into contact
               • /f/ as in friend
           • Dental
             • the tongue tip makes contact with the upper teeth
               • the “th” as pronounced in mother, differently than in thanks
           • Alveolar
             • the front portion of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge
               • /t/ as in tree
           • Post-alveolar
             • the blade of the tongue comes into contact with the post-alveolar region of the mouth
               • the sh in wash
           • Palatal
             • the tongue body raises up towards the hard-palate
           • Velar
             • the back of the tongue raises towards the soft palate
               • /k/ as in king
       • Manner
         • the way a sound is made, as opposed to where it’s made
           • Stops
             • involve a complete closure in the vocal tract
               • Plosives
                 • the velum is raised during a plosive sound
                   • i.e /p, b, t, d, k, g/
               • Nasals
                 • the velum is lowered during nasal sounds
                   • i.e /m, n/
           • Fricatives
             • sounds that are produced by narrowing the distance between the active and passive articulators causing them to be in close approximation
               • i.e /f, v, s, z/
           • Approximants
             • created by narrowing the distance between the two articulators
               • i.e /w, j, r, l/
     • Vowels
       • They are usually voiced and are produced without friction
         • Vertical tongue position
           • Open
           • Close
         • Horizontal tongue position
           • Front
           • Mid
           • Back
         • Lip position
           • round
           • spread
           • neutral
       • Monophthonngs
       • Diphthongs
       • Triphthongs

2. Phonology