TROPICAL LUNG

TROPICAL LUNG

1. Coccidiodomicosis

   • Microbiology
     • Epidemiology
       • Valley fever is an infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides.The scientific name for Valley fever is [ desert rheumatism[The southwestern United States and parts of Mexico and central and South America
     • Morphology
       • C. immitis is a dimorphic fungus that presents morphological variation in its mycelial and parasitic forms.It exists on the desert floor as a mold. As cells and become airborne. Arthrconidia undergo significant morphological changes after inhalation into the lung. Within living tissue, it typically swells into a large spherule containing numerous endospores
     • Coccidioides spp.
       • Coccidioides Immitis
       • Coccidioides posadsii
     • Reservoir
       • The reservoir is the earth, especially manure heaps and burrows, and the vehicle of transmission is the air through inhalation
   • Clinical Manifestations
     • Important
       • Symptomatic infection due to coccidioides most often presents similarly to community - acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP), Symptoms occur approximately 7 to 21 days after exposure, which may or may not be obvious
     • Symtoms
       • Fatigue, Cough, fever,headache, night sweats, muscle or joint pain, dyspnoea, hemoptysis, erythema nodosum, arthralgia
     • It is estimated that as least 60 percent of all coccidioid infections do not receive medical attention because the primary infection is asymptomatic or minimally symtomatic
   • Diagnosis
     • Healthcare providers rely on your travel and medical history, symptoms, physical exams, and lab tests to diagnose Valley fever
     • Clinical, microbiological and serological diagnosis
       • Most outpatients with suspected coccidioidomycosis are evaluated with serologic tests
       • In patients with early disease repeat serological tests may be needed, as antibodies can take weeks to develop. Attempting to identify the organism by direct examination or by culture can also be helpful in this setting, especially in those with severe disease.
       • A coccidioid antigen test is available that can be positive with extrapulmonary disease.

2. PULMONARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS

   • Microbiology
     • pathogenic agent
       • Trematodes worms these are categorized into four distintc groups
         • S.Mansoni
         • S.Melongi
         • S. japonicum
         • S. intercalatum
     • reservoir
       • Live in freshwTER BODIES SUCH AS CANALS
   • Clinical manifestation
     • Symptoms
       • Chillas
       • Nausea
       • Abdominal pain
       • Myalgias
       • Urticarial
       • similar to serum sickness
       • Malaise
       • Fever
       • Blood in spetum
     • Living in places with poor sanitation and residing near contaminated water
     • Exposure to contaminated water with human feces infected
   • Diagnostic
     • Small pulmonary nodules ranging from 2 to 15 min and larger nodules with ground glass-opacity halo

3. PARAGONIMIASIS,

   • Microbiology
     • AGENT
       • More than 30 species of trematodes of the genus Paragonimus have been reported which infect animals and humans. Among the more than 10 species reported to infect humans, the most common is Pwestermani, the oriental lung fluke
     • factors
       • Speciality dishes in which shellfish are consumed raw or prepared only in vinegar, brine, or wine without cooking play a key role in the transmissions of paragonimiasis
   • Clinical manifestation
     • Symptoms
       • Abdominal pain
       • Caugh
       • Dyspnea
       • ulcers
       • swollen lymph nodes
   • Diagnostic
     • Initial presentation with spontaneous left hydropneumothorax; subsequently developed bilateral pleural effusions, right upper lobe [infiltrate[, pleural thickening, and right hilar lymphadenopathy