Phonetics and Phonology.

Phonetics and Phonology.

1. Phonetics

   • Phonetics is a scientific description of the speech sounds that exist in a language. It represents how they are produced and perceived and what their acoustic properties are.
     • Tracks the processes involved in sound production.
       • Describes the ways in which sounds are produced and the points at which they are articulated.
   • Articulatory features
     • Articulatory phonetics can be divided into three areas to describe consonants.
       • These are voicing, place, and manner, all three of which are combined in speech production.
     • Voice
       • We have both voiced and voiceless sounds.
         • A sound fits into these categories based on the behavior of the vocal cords when a sound is produced when speaking.
           • Voiced
             • Voiced sounds are sounds that involve vocal fold vibrations when they are produced.
           • Voiceless
             • Voiceless sounds are sounds that are produced with no vocal fold vibration.
     • Place
       • The vocal tract is made up of different sections that play a fundamental role in speech production.
         • It is divided in two types
           • The active articulator is the articulator that moves towards another articulator in the production of a speech sound.
             • Articulation sites in the vocal tract
               • Bilabial
               • Labiodental
               • Endolabial
               • Exolabial
               • Dental
               • Alveolar
               • Postalveolar
               • Palatal
               • Velar
           • The passive articulator is the articulator that remains stationary in the production of a speech sound.
     • Manner
       • The manner of articulation refers to how a sound is produced, as opposed to where it is produced.
         • Stop articulations: Stop articulations are sounds that involve a complete closure in the vocal tract. The type of airflow can be oral (plosives) or nasal (nasals).
         • Approximants: Approximant sounds are created by narrowing the distance between the two articulators.
         • Fricatives: Fricative sounds are produced by narrowing the distance between the active and passive articulators causing them to be in close approximation.
   • Examples
     • yes, yellow: /j/
     • beer,ear,here: /ɪə/
     • check, church: /tʃ/
     • near, here: /ɪəʳ/
     • cat, black: /æ/

2. Phonology

   • Phonology deals with the regularities governing the phonetic realizations of sounds in the words of a language.
     • phonology delineates the functioning of sounds in particular contexts.
   • suprasegmental features
     • The main elements of suprasegmental information are pitch, intensity and duration of sounds.
       • Accent
         • It is the contrast between tonic or strong syllables and atonic or weak syllables, produced by modulating pitch, duration and intensity.
           • There are languages in which the stress falls on a fixed syllable, while in Spanish or English, the stress does not have a fixed position.
             • The stress can differentiate meanings, for example in Spanish dé (form of the verb dar) and de (preposition), or help to differentiate categories of words, as in English abstract (with stress on the first syllable, it refers to the noun "resumen" or the adjective "abstract"; with stress on the second syllable, it refers to the verb "abstraer" or "resumir").
       • Pitch and intonation
         • Intonation is one of the most complex components of a language. It has been defined in many ways, depending basically on the interest of each author: by the fundamental pitch, by a conjunction of acoustic parameters.
           • Intonation, like all linguistic utterances, has a substance and a form. The substance is a continuum in which the units of intonation must be delimited, so that discrete elements are obtained in order to establish their melodic patterns and the nature of their elements.
       • Duration
         • Duration is also a segmental phenomenon, since each sound has its own duration. Thus, for example, it is known that fricatives are longer than occlusives, that voiceless sounds are longer than voiced ones, etc.
           • Articulatorily, duration is based on the maintenance for more or less time of a given articulatory configuration. Through the phenomenon of coarticulation, this configuration (and, consequently, duration) is altered according to the context.
             • As a suprasegmental element, both the tonic syllables and those belonging to the toneme are usually longer.
   • Examples
     • 5 short monopthongs /i, ə, a, o, u/.
       • 4 or 5 long monopthongs /iː, əː, (aː), oː, uː/.
         • diphthongs formed by the above units plus /j, w/.
     • 8 short monopthongs /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ɜ, ə, ʌ, ɒ, ʊ/
       • 4 long monopthongs ("pure" long vowels) /iː, ɑː, ɔː, uː/
         • 8 diphthongs ("impure long vowels") /eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ; oʊ, aʊ; ɪə, ɛə, juː, ʊə/.
     • beat [bijt], boat [bowt]
       • cart [kʰɑ(ɹ)t], court [kʰo(ɹ)t], curt [kʰɜ(ɹ)t/

3. differences

   • Phonetics
     • Study the substance of the plane of expression.
       • It studies all linguistic sounds.
         • It enters into the linguistics of parole.
           • It studies concrete aspects of the sounds.
             • works with allophones.
               • It talks about vocoids and contoids.
   • Phonology
     • It studies the form of the plane of expression.
       • It pays attention to invariants.
         • enters into the linguistics of the langue.
           • It studies functional and pertinent aspects of sounds.
             • Works with phonemes
               • It deals with vowels and consonants.

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