Negotiation and Decision Making

Negotiation and Decision Making

1. Ishikawa

   • How to do a cause and effect diagram?
     • Steps to follow: Write down problem on the right side Draw a horizontal line to the left Write down the categories Write down causes by writing down small horizontal lines
   • Contributions by Kaoru Ishikawa
     • The 7 basic quality tools are: 1.Flow chart 2. Pareto diagram 3.Fishbone, cause-effect or Ishikawa diagram 4. Control chart 5. Histogram 6. Dispersion diagram 7. Statistical processes control
   • Cause and effect diagram
     • Also called Ishikawa diagram, fishbone diagram or 6M diagram. It is Ishikawa's best-known contribution to Quality. General Use the diagram is very versatile and can be used to promote process improvement, solve problems, find the root causes

2. Brainstorming

   • What is brainstorming?
     • The objective of brainstorming is to put together the thoughts that individual workers have on a topic. Then, in the collective, combine them, take advantage of the best of each of them and make satisfactory agreements for the company.
   • Characteristics
     • Defined time frame
       • The brainstorming should take place in a time frame of 60 to 90 minutes. Various activities must be carried out during this period.
     • Limit of participants
       • The group of people who participate should be between 10 and 15 people. Why? If it is a larger group, there is a possibility that ideas will be lost and repeated.
     • Centralized objective
       • When you brainstorm, make sure that the discussion is focused on a single question. Therefore, it is important to prepare the activity. Make a previous design of your objective and your interests, and the brainstorming will be more productive.
     • A moderator
       • Every time you apply this technique, you must ensure the presence of a moderator. This figure is in charge of writing all the ideas in a place where everyone can see them, maintaining a pleasant and organized environment. This person must have leadership skills, be open-minded and tolerant.

3. Pareto Chart

   • APORTATIONS
     • Known for his contributions to the utilitarian theory of welfare, the theory of general equilibrium and the theory of income distribution.
     • Creator of concepts as relevant in the field of economic theory as Paretian efficiency, indifference curves. Making a contribution of tremendous value to the further development of microeconomics, marketing and the theory of choice.
   • CHARACTERISTICS
     • It is a simple calculation technique. Analyze the characteristics of a group and recognize the most important points within it to give them priority. Look at the elements and focus your efforts towards a single goal. It allows you to make objective decisions that are based on data and not on personal opinions. Analyze the elements and the frequency with which each of the data occurs.
   • ADVANTAGES
     • Ideal for knowing problems. Visual support. General improvement. Easier to take action.

4. Desicion tree

   • What is a Decision Tree?
     • The decision tree is a map of the possible outcomes of a series of related decisions. It allows an individual or an organization to compare possible actions against each other based on their costs, probabilities, and benefits. It usually starts with a single node and then branches out into possible outcomes. Each of those results creates additional nodes, which branch out into other possibilities. This gives it a shape similar to that of a tree.
   • Benefits
     • You can better understand the risks and consequences of your decisions. They are easy to understand and you can share it with others so that they can give their opinion. All questions can be answered with a decision tree, no matter how simple or complex. It may be the fastest way to find the solution.

5. Systematic Approach to decision making.

   • What is?
     • A systematic approach makes it possible to prepare logical and effective measures, so that decision making process can be clearly explained to anyone.
   • Importance
     • Systems thinking is an essential method to strengthen the development of organizations, where the organizational climate is one of the elements to be considered in organizational, management, change and innovation processes.
   • Techniques used
     • Circular questions: ask each participant their point of view about what they think and feel about the problem or their relationships with family members. Restructuring and positive connotation: The positive interpretation allows to overcome the resistance that does not allow change, when the meaning of a behavior changes, the members of the family react in a different way. Tasks or guidelines: with the purpose of consolidating the changes acquired in the sessions and establishing different ways of relating.
   • Advantage
     • o He provided input in many specific fields that are now considered foundations for other important disciplines. o Widely used terminology was created and the foundations for artificial intelligence and robotics were provided. o Cybernetics first studied one of the most important concepts in machine control: feedback. o It led to important advances in the development of less general concepts and theories of systems applicable to specific problems or certain classes of problems.