PALABRAS CONECTORAS (1)

PALABRAS CONECTORAS (1)

1. 1. EXPRESANDO RAZONES Y RESULTADOS

   • 1.1 Because / as /since = porque
     • pueden ir al principio o en el medio de la frase
     • si van al principio, solemos poner una coma al final de la frase
       • As/because/since he is the coach´s nephew, they had to choose him
     • "Because" (pero no "as" o "since") puede ser usado para responder una cuestión con "why?"
   • 1.2 so / therefore = por tanto, por lo tanto, por eso
     • "so" suele ir en el medio de la frase
       • They may need a new goalkeeper so I want to be ready
       • es más común en el lenguaje hablado
     • "therefore" va al principio de una nueva frase
       • They may need a new goalkeeper. Therefore I want to be ready
       • es más común en el lenguaje escrito

2. 2. EXPRESANDO PROPÓSITO

   • "(in order) to" + infinitivo y "so (that)" + verbo = para, para que
     • so (that)
       • siempre va en el medio de la frase y es seguido por una cláusula frecuentemente con "will", "would", "can" o "could"
         • I have been training every day so (that) I will be really fit
         • I joined the tennis club so (that) I could play whenever I wanted
       • "so" puede a veces tener dos significados dependiendo del contexto
         • I have been training every day so I´ll be ready for the next match
           • puede expresar propósito = I have been training every day in order to be ready for the next match
           • puede expresar resultado =I have been training every day. Therefore I will be ready for the next match
     • (in order) to
       • va en el medio o, ocasionalmente, al principio de la frase y es seguido por el infinitivo
         • I have been training every day (in order) to be really fit
     • "in order to" y "so that" son más formales que "to" y "so" y "to" y "so" son más comunes en lenguaje hablado
   • recuerda que no podemos usar "for" para expresar propósito
     • I have been training every day for to be really fit = NO ES POSIBLE

3. 3. EXPLICANDO CAUSA-EFECTO

   • SO y SUCH
     • a) significado = tan, tanto
       • podemos usarlos antes de un THAT cláusula para hablar de causa-efecto
         • He walked so slowly that we arrived late
         • We was such a slow walker that we arrived late
         • frecuentemente omitimos THAT en el lenguaje
           • It was such an untidy office we couldn´t find our books
     • b) usamos SO y SUCH para enfatizar frecuentemente después de BECAUSE
       • Her teachers sent her home because she had behaved so badly
       • I love those shoes. They´re so cool
       • Did you hear what he said? He is such a idiot
     • c) SO
       • es seguido por...
         • un adjetivo o un adverbio
           • Her father is so rich (that) she has never travelled by bus
           • He spoke to her so rarely (that) she walked out of the room
         • las palabras MANY, MUCH y FEW con o sin un nombre
           • He has invited so many people to the party (that) there is nowhere to sit down
           • I have got so few books (that) I can keep them on one shelf
           • You complain so much (that) everyone gets bored
     • d) SUCH
       • es seguido por...
         • a) a / an (si es necesario) + adjetivo + nombre
           • her father is such a rich man (that) she goes everywhere by taxi
           • We weren´t used to such luxurious accommodation
         • b) a / an (si es necesario) + nombre solo
           • They were treated such kindness (that) they were reluctant to leave
           • The concert was such a success (that) they decided to give another
         • c) la expresión "a lot (of)" con o sin nombre
           • He´s invited such a lot of people to the party (that) there´s nowhere to sit down
           • I spent such a lot last night (that) I can´t afford to go out at the weekend
     • e) VERY y SO/SUCH pueden ser usado con un similar significado para enfatizar
       • She is very annoying / She is so annoying / She is such an annoying person
       • NOTA: VERY no puede ser seguido por un THAT cláusula
         • The sun was so hot (that) we had to sit in the shade all day = not "The sun was very hot (that) we had to sit..."

4. 4. ENOUGH y TOO

   • a) Enough = suficiente
     • antes de un nombre
       • I have got enough sandwiches for lunch
       • We haven´t got enough time to go to the cafe before the film
     • después de un adverbio
       • Are we speaking loudly enough to be heard?
     • después de un adjetivo
       • This room is warm enough for me
   • b) too = demasiado
     • antes de MANY/MUCH + un nombre
       • There are too many books for me to carry
       • I have got too much work
     • antes de un adverbio
       • Are we speaking too loudly?
     • antes de un adjetivo
       • This room is too warm for me
     • NOTA: VERY no significa lo mismo que TOO
       • This jacket is very expensive, but I can afford it
       • This jacket is too expensive, so I can´t afford it
   • c) las frases con TOO y ENOUGH son frecuentemente seguidas por...
     • to + infinitivo
       • This bag is too heavy to carry
       • I am not strong enough to carry this bag
       • It wasn´t running quickly enough to catch us
     • FOR + algo/alguien
       • This bikini is too small for me
       • Have you got enough money for the car park?
       • It was raining too heavily for the match to continue