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606039
Cells structure and organisation
Description
AS level biology Mind Map on Cells structure and organisation, created by greencat on 05/03/2014.
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biology
as level
Mind Map by
greencat
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
greencat
about 10 years ago
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Resource summary
Cells structure and organisation
Eukaryotes
Plants and animals
Nucleus
10-20um.
Controls cells activities. Contains DNA/chromosomes.
Nuclear envelope - continues onto ER. Double membrane. Has nuclear pores.
Nucleoplasm and chromatin
Nucleolus makes RNA
Mitochondria
1-10um.
Double membran edd folded into cristae.inntmembrane space. Inner membrane.
Matrix in the middle with chemical compounds and ribosomes and DNA.
Site of aerobic respiration. Produces ATP. Lots in active cells.
Liver, sperm, muscle.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Parallel double membranes, folded into cristernae.
conected to nuclear membane and maybe golgi body
Rough ER transports the proteins that are made in the ribosomes surrounding.
Smooth ER is involved in synthesis and transport of lipids
Ribosomes
large and a small subunits. They come together around mRNA which fits into the mRNA grove
Ribosomes are important for protein synthesis.
they are made in the nucleus from rRNA and protein.
Golgi body
stack of flattened membranous sacs.
functions: modification and packaging of proteins, formation of glycoproteins, lysosomes, producing sectetorary enzymes.
1-vesicles containing proteins from RER fuse at one end.
2-protein modified
3-modified protein is budded of at other end
4-vesicle containing protein travles to plasma membrane where the protein is released by exocytosis
Just animals
lysosomes
vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
They can be used to break down worn out organelles and material from phagocytosis
1-material taken into cell by endocytosis and trapped in a vacuole
2-lysosomes fuse with vacuole and release digestive enzymes
3-enzymes break down material
centrioles
form spindle fibres during cell division
Just plants
chloroplasts
double plasma membrane.
where photosynthesis occurs. sugars/organic compounds are formed from co2 + water and sunlight
the stroma is fluid-filed and contains ribosomes, lipids, circular DNA, and other structures such as starch.
within the stroma are many flattened sacs called thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is calleda granum. each consits of 2-100 thylakoids
photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll are found within the thylakoids.
a large surface area is produced
cellulose wall-keeps cell ridged and prevents bursting. adds mechanical strength
plasmodesmata - pores in cell wall between cells. allows cytoplasm connect and allow exchange of material
large permanent vacuole - contains cell sap. acts as storage of sugars etc and water.
surrounded by tonoplast
They are internally divided by membranes
Potentially harmful chemicals and enzymes can be isolated to stop them damaging cell structures
Provide a surface for enzymes to attach to for rections
Act as a transport system
Prokaryotes
no membrane bound organelles
no enclosed nucleus - DNA free in cytoplasm
smaller than eukaryotes (1-10um rather than 10-100um)
E.g. bacteria
Features
capsule/slime layer - outer layer
murein cell wall (not cellulose) - stops cell from bursting
DNA - free in cytoplasm in an area known as a nucleoid. It is found in a single circular chromosome.
prokaryotes can also have small pieces DNA called plasmids
mesosome - an infolding of the prokaryotes' plasma membrane. it increases the surface area for respiration and other chemical reactions to occur.
ribosomes - smaller than eukaryotes'
flagellum - sometimes they have one, it allows them to move
viruses
features
no cytoplasm
nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
protein layer
no organelles
no chromosomes
not alive
when they invade a cell they take over the cells metamolism and multiply within the hosts cell.
level of organisation
multicellular organisms need specialised cells, forming tissues and organs, to carry out particular functions.
change shape - nerve cells become long and thin
number of a particular organelle - more chloroplasts or mitrochondrion
the contents-e.g. haemoglobin
not all cells specialised, some remain unspecialised.
tissues
cells that differentiate in the same way can group together to form tissues
a tissue consists of a collection of specialised cells of the same type, working together to carry out a particular function.
epithelial tissue
cuboidal and ciliated epithelial tissue
lines spaces such as digestive system and respiratory system.
muscle
striated and smooth
contracts and relaxes to move parts of animals
connective tissue
colagen
structural tissue in animals
organs - an organ is a part of the body which forms a structural or frunctional unit and is made up of more than one tissue
heart, eye, lungs
organ system - this is a collection of organs which work together to perform a particular function
digestive system
organism - all systems in the body work together to make an organism
Media attachments
animal_cell (image/jpg)
plant_cell.gif (image/gif)
golgi_body (image/jpg)
Centriole (image/jpg)
chloroplast (image/jpg)
endoplasmic_reticulum.gif (image/gif)
ribosome (image/jpg)
lysosome.gif (image/gif)
mitrochondria (image/png)
plasmodesmata (image/jpg)
vaculoe (image/jpg)
nucleus2.gif (image/gif)
protein_pathway (image/jpg)
prokaryote.gif (image/gif)
virus (image/jpg)
tissues (image/jpg)
epithilial_tissue (image/jpg)
muscle_tissue (image/jpg)
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