754505
Autonomic Nervous System
- Functions
- Visceral Motor Division of the PNS
- Visceral functions: Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination
- Visceral functions: Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination
- Visceral Motor Division of the PNS
- Neuron Organization
- Two Neuron Chain
- Preganglionic autonomic motor neuron
- Preganglionic Axon
- Ganglionic autonomic motor neuron
- Postganglionic Axon
- mooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
- mooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
- Postganglionic Axon
- Ganglionic autonomic motor neuron
- Preganglionic Axon
- Increases
communication and
control
- Neuronal Convergence
- Neuronal Divergence
- Preganglionic autonomic motor neuron
- Two Neuron Chain
- Divisions
- Parasympathetic
- Function
- conserving energy and
replenishing nutrient stores
- Rest and Digest
- Maintain homeostasis
- Discrete and localized effects
- conserving energy and
replenishing nutrient stores
- Structure
- Craniosacral division
- Cranial Outflow
- Occulomotor
- Pupil constriction
- Pupil constriction
- Facial
- increase production of tears,
nasal secretions, and saliva
- increase production of tears,
nasal secretions, and saliva
- Glossopharyngeal
- Increased saliva production
- Increased saliva production
- Vagus
- Abdominal Cavity
- Increased smooth muscle contraction
and secretory activity in digestive tract
organs
- Increased smooth muscle contraction
and secretory activity in digestive tract
organs
- Thoracic Cavity
- Increased mucous production, decrease diameter
in airways, decrease heart rate, decrease force of
heart contractions
- Increased mucous production, decrease diameter
in airways, decrease heart rate, decrease force of
heart contractions
- Abdominal Cavity
- Occulomotor
- Sacral Outflow
- Pelvic splanchnic nerves
- Axons run in ventral roots to ventral rami
- Smooth muscle contraction, increased
secretory activity in digestive organs (large
intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, ureter),
contracts bladder wall
- Axons run in ventral roots to ventral rami
- Pelvic splanchnic nerves
- Cranial Outflow
- Neurons
- Preganglionic Axons
- Originate in the brainstem or lateral gray
matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord
segments
- Have less than 4 branches
- Long
- Originate in the brainstem or lateral gray
matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord
segments
- Postganglionic Axons
- Short
- Short
- Preganglionic Axons
- Ganglion
- Terminal Ganglia
- Close to target organ
- Close to target organ
- Intramural Ganglia
- Within walls of target organ
- Within walls of target organ
- Terminal Ganglia
- Craniosacral division
- Function
- Sympathetic
- Function
- Fight or flight
- Increase alertness and metabolic activity
- Mass Activation
- Supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions
- Increase heart rate, increase
blood pressure, increase depth of
respiration and breathing rate,
dilate pupils
- Fight or flight
- Structure
- Ganglia
- Close to vertebral column
- Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
- Sympathetic Trunk
- White Rami Communicantes
- carry preganglionic sympathetic axons
from T1-L2 spinal nerves to sympathetic
trunk
- carry preganglionic sympathetic axons
from T1-L2 spinal nerves to sympathetic
trunk
- Gray Rami Communicantes
- carry postganglionic sympathetic axons
from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal
nerves
- carry postganglionic sympathetic axons
from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal
nerves
- Located on both sides of the vertebral column
- White Rami Communicantes
- Each sympathetic trunk ganglia is associated with each spinal nerve
- house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies
- Sympathetic Trunk
- Prevertebral Ganglia
- Splanchnic nerves
- composed of preganglionic sympathetic
axons that do not synapse in a
sympathetic trunk ganglion that extend
anteriorly to most of the viscera
- Occur only in abdomen and pelvis
- Lie anterior to the vertebral column
- Main Ganglia of the Splanchnic nerves
- Celiac Ganglion
- innervate stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder,
proximal part of duodenum, part of the pancreas
- innervate stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder,
proximal part of duodenum, part of the pancreas
- Superior mesenteric ganglion
- distal half of duodenum, part of the
pancreas, remainder of small intestine,
proximal part of large intestine, kidneys,
and proximal parts of ureters
- distal half of duodenum, part of the
pancreas, remainder of small intestine,
proximal part of large intestine, kidneys,
and proximal parts of ureters
- Inferior mesenteric ganglion
- innervate distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder,
distal parts of ureters, most of reproductive organs
- innervate distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder,
distal parts of ureters, most of reproductive organs
- inferior hypogastric ganglia
- Celiac Ganglion
- composed of preganglionic sympathetic
axons that do not synapse in a
sympathetic trunk ganglion that extend
anteriorly to most of the viscera
- Splanchnic nerves
- Close to vertebral column
- Neurons
- Preganglionic Axons
- Short
- 20 Branches
- Short
- Postganglionic Axons
- Long, unmyelinated
- Long, unmyelinated
- All sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the
lateral gray horns of the T1-L2 segments of the spinal
cord
- Preganglionic Axons
- Ganglia
- Pathways
- Spinal nerve pathway
- Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
- Splanchnic nerve pathway
- Adrenal medulla pathway
- receives preganglionic sympathetic axons
- Major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
- Constitutes largest sympathetic ganglia
- The cells within the adrenal medulla that synapse
with the axons release hormones that circulate in
the blood stream to help prolong the “fight or flight”
response
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- receives preganglionic sympathetic axons
- Spinal nerve pathway
- Function
- Parasympathetic
- Autonomic Plexus
- Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons
and parasympathetic preganglionic axons as well
as some visceral sensory axons
- Cardiac Plexus
- Composed of postganglionic sympathetic axons that
extent from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic
trunk ganglia and preganglionic axons from the vagus
nerve
- In Thoracic Cavity
- Controls heart rate and blood pressure
- Composed of postganglionic sympathetic axons that
extent from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic
trunk ganglia and preganglionic axons from the vagus
nerve
- Pulmonary Plexus
- Composed of postganglionic sympathetic axons
from the thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and
preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve
- Controls the diameter of the bronchi and
secretion from mucous glands of the
bronchial tree
- Composed of postganglionic sympathetic axons
from the thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and
preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve
- Hypogastirc Plexus
- Composed of a complex meshwork
of postganglionic sympathetic axons
and preganglopnic parasympathetic
axons from the pelvic splanchnic
nerve
- Innervate viscera within the pelvic region
- Composed of a complex meshwork
of postganglionic sympathetic axons
and preganglopnic parasympathetic
axons from the pelvic splanchnic
nerve
- Esophageal plexus
- Composed of preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve
- Controls cardiac sphincter and swallowing reflex
- Composed of preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve
- Abdominal aortic plexus
- Celiac plexus,
superior mesenteric
plexus, inferior
mesenteric plexus
- Composed of postganglionic axons
projecting from the pre vertebral ganglia and
preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve
that enter the abdominopelvic cavity with the
esophagus
- Celiac plexus,
superior mesenteric
plexus, inferior
mesenteric plexus
- Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons
and parasympathetic preganglionic axons as well
as some visceral sensory axons
- Neurotransmitters
- a compound released at the synapse
- Neurotransmitter only acts on receptors specific to that molecule
- generally much faster than the endocrine transmission.
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Neurotransmitter in PNS and SNS
- released by all preganglionic axons and binds to
specific receptors in the ganglionic plasma
membrane and has an excitatory effect on the
ganglionic cell
- a nerve that releases ACh as its
neurotransmitter is called a cholinergic
nerve
- Neurotransmitter in PNS and SNS
- Norepinerphrine (NE)
- neurotransmitter unique to the SNS
- can have an excitatory or inhibitory effect
on the effector, depending on the receptor
on the effector plasma membrane
- made in, released from all
postganglionic sympathetic nerves when
the SNS is activated
- a nerve that releases NE is called an adrenergic nerve
- neurotransmitter unique to the SNS
- Epinephrine (EPI)
- Hormone unique to SNS
- Adrenaline
- Made in, released from cells of the adrenal medulla
- Hormone unique to SNS
- a compound released at the synapse
- Dual Innervation
- visceral effectors are innervated by
postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions
and the actions are antagonistic to each other
- visceral effectors are innervated by
postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions
and the actions are antagonistic to each other
- Autonomic Reflexes
- smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle
contractions, or secretion by glands that are
mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response
to a specific stimulus
- smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle
contractions, or secretion by glands that are
mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response
to a specific stimulus
- CNS Control of ANS
- Cerebrum
- Conscious activities in the cerebrum affect
hypothalamus control of ANS
- Conscious activities in the cerebrum affect
hypothalamus control of ANS
- Hypothalmus
- ntegration and command center for autonomic functions; involved in emotions
- ntegration and command center for autonomic functions; involved in emotions
- Amygdala
- Main limbic center for emotions
- Main limbic center for emotions
- Brain Stem
- Contains major ANS reflex centers
- Contains major ANS reflex centers
- Spinal Cord
- Contains ANS reflex centers for defecation and urination
- Contains ANS reflex centers for defecation and urination
- Cerebrum
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