Pages 47-51, 57-61

Pages 47-51, 57-61

1. Pages 47-51

   • Settlers and Natives
     • Northern Natives less in #'s (wiped out by epidemics) and sold most land to New England Settlers
       • The white's learned from the natives in local crops such as corn, beans, pumpkins, and potatoes.
         • Natives also served as trading partners to Euro immigrants (North Fur Trade).
           • Trading made some wealthy families emerge in North America, Would influence colonies for generations.
             • Need for land in farming and domestic animal herding led to land conflicts with more powerful natives.
               • Early views on natives as slightly inferior. Changed later to 'savages' and 'heathens', some Puritans though solution was to convert the natives.
                 • English animals let roam wild, often destroyed natives crops. English cleared and killed forests/animals natives depended on.
                   • From 100,000 natives in early 1600's, by late 1675 only ~10,000 remained.
   • The Pequot War, King Philip's War, and Technology of Battle
     • 1637, whites allied with Mohegan and Narragansett tribes to burn and kill fleeing Pequot tribe. Almost wiped out entire tribe, remainders were sold into slavery.
       • 1675, King Philips War, Wampanoags, under leadership of chieftain Philip (Metacomet) rose against whites with guns, from earlier trading, raided 20 Massachusett towns and killed thousands.
         • In 1676 the Whites retaliated, gained aid from Mohawks and from converted Christian Indians. The Wampanoags and allied soon dwindled as well as their resources and the rest of them were sold into slavery.
           • Flintlock rifle introduced, natives picked up on the rifle quickly while settlers were reluctant to give up their old and heavier matchlock rifles.
             • Natives weren't taught how to use/repair rifles from the settlers, but they soon figured out everything on their own and even had substantial forges for repairing.
               • The natives also used traditional military techniques such as fort building, Wampanoags built a fort in the Great Swamp of Rhode Island in 1675. Another tribe of Narragansetts built a large stone fort with help of an Indian who learned masonry from the Settlers, when found out in 1676 fort destroyed.
             • The new Flintlocks helped the natives in the Philips war
   • The Restoration Colonies
     • The English Civil War
       • Charles I, dissolved parliament 1629 began ruling as an absolute monarch.
         • Charles in need of money called parliament back to get higher taxes but dissolved them again.
           • 1642, English civil war broke out between Cavaliers (King supporters) and Roundheads (Forces of parliament)
             • 1649 Roundheads defeated king's forces and captured Charles, beheaded the former king (which horrified all of Europe).
               • Roundhead leader, Oliver Cromwell position of 'Protector" ruled for next nine years until death, Son of Charles I, King Charles II, returned from exile to claim the throne.
                 • Charles II gave out grants of land in New World to faithful courtiers, amde four new charters, soon realized that private companies didn't want New World for quick profit anymore.
                   • New colonies of Carolina, New York/jersey, and Pennsylvania made to be permanent settlements.
     • The Carolinas
       • Eight prominent court favorites are given almost kingly rule to the new Carolina Charter
         • These eight expected to profit as landlords, reserved large plots for selves and sold/gave away the rest in a headright like system and collect annual payment from settlers
           • Carolina had religious freedom to anyone who would worship as a Christian
             • Also had semi-political freedom, laws were made by a representative assembly
               • Most proprietors gave up, but Anthony Ashley Cooper, soon to be Earl of Shaftesbury, persisted. Convinced partners to migrate to Carolina, 1670 300 men voyaged, 100 survived. Those who lived made settlement in Port Royal area of Carolina coast. 10 yrs later, founded city injunction of Ashley and Cooper rivers which became city capital, named Charles Town.
                 • 1669, Anthony Cooper, with help of John Locke, drew up a constitution for Carolina in 1669, including land distribution and social order.
                   • Carolina was bearly united, North and south were vastly diff in eco/social. The north had vitually no aristocracy, imported few slaves, while in south were rich lands, many slaves, and prosperous Charles town

2. Pages 57-61

   • The Southwestern Borderlands
     • Spanish had few settlements, but Mexico City was the most prosperous of all in Americas, Pop of ~1 million.
       • The colonies to the North of Mexico were very minute and peripherals to the areas to their South.
         • New Mexico was the most prosperous of the Northern Spanish Outposts, after stopping the revolt in 1680 work resumed with natives with flourishing agriculture.
           • Spanish settlement in California starter in 1760's for trading communities and forts (presidios)
             • 1680's Spanish deemed biggest threat was the French on their Northern borders.
               • Spanish fortify claim of Texas with various forts/outposts and creating San Fernando 9San Antonio) in 1731.
   • The Southeastern Borderlands
     • English challenged in Southeast by the growing Spanish.
       • After 1560 Spanish claim to Florida missionaries and traders began moving North to Georgia
         • Spanisards dreamed of expanding North, Founding of Jamestown made it a fear. Spanish thought the English to the North could ruin their presence and settlements in Floria and Georgia.
           • As a result, Spanish built, even more, forts to defend themselves from the growing English and French
             • No direct conflict between Spanish/England, St.Augustine was sacked by pirates. English encouraged indians in Florida to revolt against Spain, Spain offered escaped slaves of Carolina freedom (eventually made a 100 man regiment to defend border)
               • The Spanish presence in Florida dwindled to mainly just St. Augustine where dependence on intermarriage and on the natives and slaves were strong
   • The Founding of Georgia
     • Founded by a group of unpaid trustees led by General Jame Oglethorpe (member of parliament and military hero. Driven by economic success and military and philanthropic motives.