105220
Description
Mind Map by Jake Davey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jake Davey
almost 11 years ago
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Theorists
- Trudgill 1983
- Studied men and women's social
class accents- found that women
used more Recieved pronounciation
in order to gain an overt prestige
- Studied men and women's social
class accents- found that women
used more Recieved pronounciation
in order to gain an overt prestige
- Cheshire 1982
- Studied the speech of
adolescent girls- found
that boys used more
non-standard
grammatical forms such
as "aint" than girls,
seeking an overt prestige
- Studied the speech of
adolescent girls- found
that boys used more
non-standard
grammatical forms such
as "aint" than girls,
seeking an overt prestige
- Lakoff 1975
- Identified features she felt were charecteristic of female language
- Hedges, fillers, apologetic questions,
tag questions, indirect requests
- Fewer expletives than men used and
more intensifiers
- Argued that women's
language reflected women's
inferior social status- made it
worse by making them seem
indecisive and needy; stated
that women's language is
"weak" compared to men's,
preventing them from being
taken seriously- DEFICIT
MODEL
- Hedges, fillers, apologetic questions,
tag questions, indirect requests
- Identified features she felt were charecteristic of female language
- O'Barr and Atkins 1980
- Suggested
alternative
explanation to
Lakoff's Deficit
Model
- Analysed transcripts of american courtroom
trials, finding that male and female witnesses
of a low social status showed linguistic
features that Lakoff labelled "female"-
suggested that it's more to do with a person
feeling powerless rather than generic social
clashing
- Suggested
alternative
explanation to
Lakoff's Deficit
Model
- Holmes 1984
- Suggested that "women's language" is desired
to cooperate rather than show weakness
- Suggested that "women's language" is desired
to cooperate rather than show weakness
- Zimmerman and West 1975
- Studied recordings of
male-female conversations-
found that 96% of interruptions
made were by males; suggests
Male dominance in male-female
conversations, reflecting male
dominance in society-
DOMINANCE MODEL
- Studied recordings of
male-female conversations-
found that 96% of interruptions
made were by males; suggests
Male dominance in male-female
conversations, reflecting male
dominance in society-
DOMINANCE MODEL
- Tannen 1990
- Described male and female conversational styles in terms of differance
- Men are concerned with
status and
independance, give
direct orders, don't mind
conflict, and are
interested in gaining
factual information and
finding solutions to
problems
- Women are more interested in
forming bonds(talk less and agree
more with men), give polite
indirect requests, try to avoid
conflict, and aim to show
understanding by comprimising
and offer support rather than
solutions
- DIFFERENCE MODEL
- Men are concerned with
status and
independance, give
direct orders, don't mind
conflict, and are
interested in gaining
factual information and
finding solutions to
problems
- Described male and female conversational styles in terms of differance
- Beattie 1982
- Qustioned
Zimmerman and
West's idea that
men interrupting
women was a sign
of dominance
- Suggested that interruptions can be supportive-
responses such as "yes", "mmm" and repeating what
the other conversational speaker says can show that
you're listening
- Qustioned
Zimmerman and
West's idea that
men interrupting
women was a sign
of dominance
- Cameron 2007
- Argues that a lot of research is biased-
there's been more focus on differences
between male and female conversational
styles rather than the similarites
- Argues that a lot of research is biased-
there's been more focus on differences
between male and female conversational
styles rather than the similarites
- Fishman 1980
- Noted that women use hedges such as
"you know" 5 times more than men-
shows that women seek to give
conversational help to the other partner
rather than inferiority
- Noted that women use hedges such as
"you know" 5 times more than men-
shows that women seek to give
conversational help to the other partner
rather than inferiority
- Chomsky 1965
- Argued that a child's
ability to acquire
language is innate- came
up with LAD
- Argued that a child's
ability to acquire
language is innate- came
up with LAD
- Piaget
- Cognitive- child needs
to have developed
certain mental abilities
before being able to
acquire particular
aspects of language
- Cognitive- child needs
to have developed
certain mental abilities
before being able to
acquire particular
aspects of language
- Bruner 1983
- Social interactionist-
came up with LASS
- Social interactionist-
came up with LASS
- Vygotsky
1978
- Social interactionist- Zone of
Proximal Development (ZPD) and
private speech
- Social interactionist- Zone of
Proximal Development (ZPD) and
private speech
- Skinner 1957
- Imitation
theory- copy
caregivers
language,
rewarded with
praise
- Imitation
theory- copy
caregivers
language,
rewarded with
praise
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