River Rhine Flood 1995

Description

Mind Map on River Rhine Flood 1995, created by y10ullyottl on 07/16/2014.
y10ullyottl
Mind Map by y10ullyottl, updated more than 1 year ago
y10ullyottl
Created by y10ullyottl over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

River Rhine Flood 1995
  1. Causes
    1. Natural
      1. January - Snow melt and heavy rain fall in the alps.
        1. Water logged soil
          1. 31/2 times more rainfall in that month
            1. Where the river flows it is in a gorge which restricts the amount of land able to soak up water.
            2. Human
              1. 3x more area had been built on compared to 1900
                1. Heavy cultivation = compacted soil
                  1. Narrowed the river width = fast flow/down stream
                    1. River channel had been straightened = 50km shorter than it used to be
                      1. 5 days rather than 2 discharge is double
                      2. Contour ploughing - down to the river
                        1. Deforestation in the alps reduced interception and soil storage of water
                          1. Rate of surface run off increased
                          2. Urbanisation of the floodplain, with water flowing off roofs and roads into drains leading directly to the river has greatly increased river levels after heavy rain.
                            1. Raising the levees has caused flood plain area to be closed off
                          3. Affects
                            1. Schools were flooded out
                              1. Had to move places
                              2. Shops closed - economic effect
                                1. 150,000 evacuated from the Poulders (below sea level area)
                                  1. Cattle picked up viral infection
                                    1. 1 person dead
                                      1. 250,000 people and millions of farm animals evacuated
                                        1. 1550km2 farmland flooded
                                        2. City Centre of Cologne flooded to a depth of 2 meters
                                          1. Hundreds of homes inundated
                                          2. Solutions
                                            1. Levees on the edge of the rivers
                                              1. Raises the height of the river
                                                1. Can lead to disaster because the water level rises as the sediment increases
                                                2. Contour ploughing - with the contours
                                                  1. Surface run off is slower
                                                  2. Flood proofing
                                                    1. Up the carpet/make changes to down stairs
                                                      1. Reduced damage
                                                      2. House design which raises the floor
                                                        1. Interior room design which minimises damage e.g. tiled floor.
                                                          1. Light furniture which can be quickly moved up stairs to avoid flood water
                                                            1. Removable flood walls that can be opened in summer to provide a river view
                                                              1. Local authorities are now controlling the location of new building
                                                              2. Dams and Reservoirs
                                                                1. Built up stream for hydro-electricity and to regulate river flow.
                                                                  1. To control the flow of water.
                                                                    1. Water Supply
                                                                      1. Improve navigation
                                                                        1. Reduce soil erosion
                                                                        2. Affrestation
                                                                          1. Trees delay and reduce the amount of water reaching the river
                                                                          2. Floating towns
                                                                            1. Floodplain land use zoning
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