Aisha’s not feeling so good

Aisha’s not feeling so good

1. Development of the heart

   • External shape
   • Sinus venousus
   • Atrioventricular canal
   • Interatrial septum
   • Interventricular septum
   • Bulbus cordis
   • Truncus arteriosus
   • Aortic arches

2. Edema

   • Mechanism
     • Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
     • Hypoalbuminemia
     • Lymphatic obstruction
     • Increased capillary permeability

3. Congestive heart failure

   • Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency.
   • Types
     • Left-Sided
     • Right-Sided
   • Signs and symptoms
     • Orthopnea
     • Dyspnea
       • Orthopenia
       • Paraxosymal nocturnal dyspnea
     • Chest pain
     • Persistent Cough
   • Risk factors
     • Coronary artery diseases
     • Alcohol and Tobacco use
     • Hypertension
   • Compensatory physiological response
     • Increased sympethatic activity
     • Myocardial hypertrophy
     • Activation of RAA system
   • Physical examination
     • Vital signs
       • Blood pressure
       • Heart rate
       • Respiration
       • Temperature
     • Hyperdynamic Apical Impulse
     • Jugular venous distention
   • Investigations
     • Chest X-ray
     • ECG
     • Echo
   • Management
     • Lifestyle
       • Less salt intake
       • Physical excersice
       • Less fat intake
     • Pharmacology
       • Inotropic drugs
         • Phosphodiestrase inhibitors
           • Inamrinone
           • milrinone
         • B agonists
           • Dobutamine
           • Dopamine
         • Human Natriuretic Peptide B-type
           • Nesiritide
         • Digitalis glycosides
           • Digoxin
         • Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
       • B blockers
       • Vasodilators
         • Nitrates
         • Hydralazine
   • Causes
     • High BP
     • Hyperthyroidism
     • Valvular disease
     • Ischemic heart disease
     • Cor pulmonale
   • Psychological aspects
     • Depression is an independent risk factor for heart disease
     • Depression is associated with unhealthy lifestyle
     • Depressed people don't comply to medications

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