Aisha's not feeling well

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Mind Map on Aisha's not feeling well, created by rania khalil on 08/10/2017.
rania khalil
Mind Map by rania khalil, updated more than 1 year ago
rania khalil
Created by rania khalil almost 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Aisha's not feeling well
  1. chest pain
    1. dyspnea
      1. Pulmonary edema
        1. Sarcoidosis
          1. Pleurisy
        2. Pulmonary hypertension
          1. Tuberculosis
          2. Cardiomyopathy
            1. Heart arrhythmias
              1. Heart failure
                1. compensation mechanisms
                  1. Compensation Mechanisms
                  2. pathophysiology
                    1. intrinsic decrease in muscle contractility
                      1. Preload or left atrial filling pressure is increased pulmonary congestion and dyspnea.
                        1. Although systemic blood pressure is often reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular resistance (afterload) reduce cardiac output
                          1. Heart rate is generally increased as part of a compensatory mechanism
                            1. inadequate to meet the peripheral demands of the body
                      2. left sided leads to
                        1. Backward effect
                          1. Pulmonary congestion: Blood is not drained from the pulmonary circulation blood vessels become engorged
                            1. Transudate (no inflammation) accumulates in the alveolar sacs
                              1. RBCs engulfed by macrophages hemosiderin-laden macrophages
                              2. Pulmonary Edema: Crackles
                            2. Forward effect
                              1. Reduced CO + less EF because the heart is unable to pump blood
                                1. Hypo-perfusion of organs occur
                              2. right sided leads to
                                1. Jugular venous distension
                                  1. Painful hepatosplenomegaly with “nutmeg” liver
                                    1. Pitting edema (peripheral) due to increased hydrostatic pressure
                                      1. signs and symptoms
                                        1. Rapid or irregular heartbeat
                                          1. Fatigue and weakness
                                            1. Lack of appetite and nausea
                                              1. how to check for them & confirm diagnosis
                                                1. Investigations
                                                  1. chest X-ray
                                                    1. cardiothoracic ratio
                                                    2. ECG
                                                      1. blood tests
                                                        1. cardiac enzymes
                                                          1. renal function
                                                            1. glucose concentrations
                                                          2. catheterization
                                                            1. echocardiography
                                                              1. treatment
                                                                1. non-pharmacological
                                                                  1. life-style modifications
                                                                  2. pharmacological
                                                                    1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
                                                                      1. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
                                                                        1. Aldosterone antagonists
                                                                          1. β-Blockers
                                                                            1. Vasodilators (long-acting nitrates and hydralazine)
                                                                              1. Diuretics
                                                                                1. Digoxin
                                                                                  1. complications
                                                                                    1. Kidney damage or failure
                                                                                      1. Heart valve problems
                                                                                        1. Heart rhythm problems
                                                                                          1. Liver damage
                                                                                          2. prognosis
                                                                                            1. People with heart failure may have severe symptoms, and some may require heart transplantation or support with a ventricular assist device
                                                                                              1. The probability of someone with a diagnosis of heart failure dying within five years was 62% and 75% in men and 38% and 42% in women, respectively
                                                                                      2. crackles on ascultation
                                                                          2. causes
                                                                            1. myocardial infarction
                                                                              1. congenital heart disease
                                                                                1. Coronary artery disease
                                                                                2. arrhythmias
                                                                                3. Abnormal heart valves
                                                                                  1. High blood pressure
                                                                                4. Pericarditis
                                                                                  1. Anemia
                                                                                    1. Broken ribs
                                                                                      1. Myasthenia gravis
                                                                                    2. an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger or a feeling of suffocation
                                                                                      1. types
                                                                                        1. orthopnea
                                                                                          1. sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.
                                                                                          2. Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea
                                                                                            1. sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep.
                                                                                        2. edema
                                                                                          1. result of the activation of a series of humoral and neurohumoral mechanisms that promote sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and expansion of the extracellular fluid.
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